Weltdeutsch

Constructed language

Weltdeutsch
Wede
Created byWilhelm Ostwald
Purpose
Constructed
  • International auxiliary language
    • Simplified language
      • Weltdeutsch
SourcesGerman
Language codes
ISO 639-3qdw (local use). Also used for Coast Yuki
IETFart-x-weltdeut (local use)

Weltdeutsch (German pronunciation: [ˈvɛltdɔɪtʃ] ⓘ VELT-doych, lit. 'World-German') was a proposal for a German-based zonal international auxiliary language by chemist and interlinguist Wilhelm Ostwald.[1] Published in 1916 in Ostwald's Monistic Sunday Sermons (German: Monistische Sonntagspredigten), Weltdeutsch was a reflection of the advance of German nationalism during the First World War – Ostwald had long been a pacifist, being aligned with the German Monistic League [de] founded by Ernst Haeckel.[2]

The language consisted of Standard German with some orthographic and phonemic simplifications, but was never fully developed. After publication, there was little further interest in Weltdeutsch; it was not taken up by any German institutions, and was denounced as an act of chauvinism by the interlinguistic circles which Ostwald had been part of.

Background

A black and white portrait of Ostwald with long, white beard, wearing a dark coloured mantle over a white shirt. Ostwald is facing to the right with his head slightly turned towards the camera.
Wilhelm Ostwald, creator of Weltdeutsch

Wilhelm Ostwald was born a Baltic German in Riga, and thus was raised multilingual in Latvian, German, and Russian. Although best known as the 1909 German laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Ostwald had a long relationship with interlinguistics, being first introduced to the science via Volapük by physicist Arthur von Oettingen at the University of Tartu.[3] He later became a member of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language at the behest of one of its founders, Louis Couturat (later cocreator of Ido) in October 1903, and later assumed chairmanship on 20 November 1906,[4] continuing to chair it in 1907 when it introduced Ido,[5] greatly disrupting the Esperanto movement.[6]

For the majority of his time as a proponent of an international language, Ostwald was an Idist, remaining a proponent of the language after the dissolution of the Delegation, although he spent much time as an Esperantist. Having been invited to be one of Harvard University's visiting scholars by Hugo Münsterberg,[7] he advertised Esperanto to the point of founding 100 Esperanto clubs across the country,[8] and remarking while visiting the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:

Da standen die Männer nebeneinander, die sich gegenseitig das Belangreichste zu sagen hatten, aber sie konnten sich nicht verständigen. Denn wenn die meisten Gelehrten und Praktiker heute auch mehrere Sprachen soweit beherrschen, dass sie Fachabhandlungen lesen können, so ist es doch von diesem Punkte noch eine weite und mühsame Reise zum mündlichen Verkehr in der fremden Sprache. So entstand aus der Not der Gedanke der internationalen Sprache von neuem.[9]

English translation:

The men who had the most important things to tell each other stood there, but they could not understand one another. Even if most of today's scholars and practitioners have mastered several languages to the point of being able to read technical papers, it is still a long and arduous journey hence to the point of oral communication in the foreign language. So, out of these distressing thoughts, arose the idea of an international language once again.

Ostwald eventually left Esperanto for Ido for several reasons, including issues with Esperanto orthography, the irregularities in its grammar, but most importantly the "blind fanaticism often attached to religious movements."[10] Aside from Ido, Ostwald had also joined Peano's Academia pro Interlingua.[11] As an internationalist, Ostwald was also a pacifist,[12] deeming pacifism a "scientific duty".[13]

A Brown book with a striped pattern with the book title in stylised white all-caps. There is an emblem of a fire in a firepit below the title and name of author.
The front cover of the fourth volume of Ostwald's Monistiche Sonntagspredigten

During the First World War, German nationalism was popularised even amongst pacifists such as Ostwald. Ostwald was a signatory of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, and expressed his newfound nationalistic sentiments, alongside speeches and sermons, through the creation of his Weltdeutsch,[14][15] a simplified form of German with the goal of easing learning of the language in countries to be conquered by Germany and occupied by German troops,[16][17] as part of the German colonial empire.[18] Aside from uses as an easy to learn form of German, Ostwald also promoted Weltdeutsch as a new international language for science.[18] In 1916, Ostwald published the fifth volume of his Monistic Sunday Sermons (German: Monistische Sonntagspredigten), wherein he introduced the language in its 36th chapter, entitled "Weltdeutsch".[14]

From the mid-19th century to Ostwald's project, several other projects for the aim of creating an international German by the use of corpus planning had existed, several of which were under the name Weltdeutsch: that of Dr. N. Lichtenstein[19] in his 1853 book "Pasilogy, or, World Language" (German: Pasilogie, oder, Weltsprache),[20] and Adalbert Baumann's (also known as Wede, amongst many later incarnations).[21] Also of note is Oswald Salzmann's Simplified German (German: Vereinfachtes Deutsch), published in 1913,[22] which partly used an extensive spelling reform to achieve the goal of simplification.[23] Languages created for chauvinistic purposes had also already existed: according to Detlev Blanke, Elias Molee's Tutonish falls under this category.[24]

Features

Outside of the work published in Monistische Sonntagspredigten, little is known about the language; Ostwald left it simply as a theory, without further developing its lexicon or grammar.[25]

Arguing that the "pointless squandering of energy that lies in the multiplicity and irregularity of older linguistic forms" needed to be eliminated,[4] his language included reforms such as a simplification in phonology and orthography, simplifying the use of grammatical gender in the language to one article ("de",[25] as in Dutch), and the removal of the letters <ä>, <ö>, and <ü>, corresponding to the phonemes [ɛ], [ɛ], and [ʏ], as well as the multigraphs <sh>, <sch>, with the digraph <ts> replaced with <z>.[26]

Weltdeutsch is one of many simplified and regularised constructed languages; other examples in a similar vein include Swedish engineer August Nilson's 1897 Lasonebr [eo], Felix Lenz's Pasilingua Hebraica, French judge Raoul de la Grasserie [eo]'s 1907 Apolema [eo], and Serafin Bernhard's Lingua franca nuova [lfn; eo].[27]

Reception

Weltdeutsch was met with disappointment from the interlinguistic community, and the language was denounced as a product of chauvinism.[28][29] On 30 December 1915, Ostwald was met by a letter from colleague Leopold Pfaundler, with whom Ostwald had collaborated on the 1911 book International Language and Science,[30] in which Pfaundler wrote:

"Your suggestion of a world German not only seems to be inconsistent with our prior approach and an act of ingratitude, but also entirely hopeless with respect to feasibility. Thus I am making an appeal to you not to continue the plan further, granting us moreover in this besieged time your exceedingly valuable continued cooperation as well. I remain despite the war in contact with Swedish and Danish Idists and dins everywhere the greatest willingness to cooperate. We must advance the work from these neutral states and Switzerland, and not let it slumber."[31]

To this, Ostwald responded: "I was very conscious that my suggestion of Weltdeutsch would arouse displeasure and even also protest among my Ido friends", turning away from the Ido movement:

"I will not publicly turn my back on Ido, since it represents a very significant im-provement over Esperanto under all circumstances, but from the above articulated reasons I can also not any longer expend any special effort on this, in my opinion, hopeless labor."[4]

See also

  • Wede, a more complete project to create an international German by the Bavarian Adalbert Baumann.
  • Világnyelv, a language by Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai for an international language based on the Hungarian language.
  • Colonial German [de], a German-based constructed pidgin by Emil Schwörer, for use in German colonies.
  • Language ideology

References

  1. ^ Says, Michael Noelle (26 February 2017). "German Auxiliary Languages – Weltdeutsch | © SmarterGerman 2022". smartergerman.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  2. ^ Storm, Jason Ānanda Josephson (November 2021). "Monism and the Religion of Science: How a German New Religious Movement Birthed American Academic Philosophy". Nova Religio. 25 (2). doi:10.1525/nr.2021.25.2.12. S2CID 240478349. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  3. ^ Ostwald, Wilhelm (1927). Lebenslinien Eine Selbstbiographie. Karl-Maria Guth. Berlin. OCLC 965679633. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b c Gordin, Michael D. (13 April 2015). "In the Linguistic Shadow of the Great War". Scientific Babel: How Science Was Done Before and After Global English. University of Chicago Press. pp. 129, 160–162. ISBN 978-0-226-00029-9. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  5. ^ "Wilhelm Ostwald on World-Language". interlanguages.net. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  6. ^ Schor, Esther (30 December 2009). "L.L. Zamenhof and the Shadow People". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  7. ^ Information beyond borders : international cultural and intellectual exchange in the Belle Époque. W. Boyd Rayward. London: Routledge. 2016. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-315-58851-3. OCLC 952728882.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ Krajewski, Markus (29 January 2016). "One Second Language for Mankind: The Rise and Decline of the World Auxiliary Language in the Belle Époque". Language as a Scientific Tool: Shaping Scientific Language Across Time and National Traditions. Routledge. pp. 182–190. ISBN 978-1-317-32750-9. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  9. ^ Ostwald, Wilhelm (1911). Die Forderung des Tages (in German). Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 453.
  10. ^ Ostwald 1927, p. 155.
  11. ^ Guérard, Albert Léon (1921). A short history of the International Language Movement. Robarts - University of Toronto. New York : Boni. p. 176.
  12. ^ Wall, Florence E. (1 January 1948). "Wilhelm Ostwald". Journal of Chemical Education. 25 (1): 2. Bibcode:1948JChEd..25....2W. doi:10.1021/ed025p2. ISSN 0021-9584. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  13. ^ Holt, Niles R. (5 January 2009). "Wilhelm Ostwald's 'The Bridge'". The British Journal for the History of Science. 10 (2): 146–150. doi:10.1017/S0007087400015399. ISSN 1474-001X. S2CID 144077756. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  14. ^ a b Leber, Christoffer (24 August 2020). Kosuch, Carolin (ed.). Freethinkers in Europe: National and Transnational Secularities, 1789−1920s. De Gruyter. pp. 196–197. doi:10.1515/9783110688283. ISBN 978-3-11-068828-3. S2CID 242623815. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  15. ^ Anton, Günter. "L'agado di profesoro Wilhelm Ostwald por la LINGUO INTERNACIONA IDO - Wikisource". wikisource.org (in Ido). Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  16. ^ Information beyond borders : international cultural and intellectual exchange in the Belle Epoque. Warden Boyd Rayward. London. 2016. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-315-58851-3. OCLC 1081423428.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  17. ^ Lins, Ulrich (2016). Dangerous language -- esperanto under Hitler and Stalin. Volume 1. Humphrey Tonkin. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-137-54916-7. OCLC 985044614.
  18. ^ a b de Kloe, Fabian (2014). Constructing worlds with words : science and international language in the early twentieth century (Thesis). Maastricht University. doi:10.26481/dis.20140618fk. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023. pp. 140-144.
  19. ^ Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra (2020). Interlingvistiko: enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj (in Esperanto). Wydawnictwo Rys. p. 123. ISBN 978-83-65483-53-9. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  20. ^ L, Dr (1853). Pasilogie oder die Weltsprache. Von Dz. L. (in German). Kern. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  21. ^ Janton, Pierre (1 January 1993). Esperanto: Language, Literature, and Community. SUNY Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7914-1253-4. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  22. ^ Salzmann, Oswald (1913). Das vereinfachte Deutsch, die Sprache aller Völker, von Oswald Salzmann (in German). O. Salzmann. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  23. ^ Fáy, Tamás (2014). "Vereinfachtes Deutsch als Verständigungssprache" [Simplified German as a Language of Communication] (PDF). Publicationes Universitatis Miskolcinensis Sectio Philosophica (in German). 18 (3). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  24. ^ "Planned languages - a survey of some of the main problems". Interlinguistics : aspects of the science of planned languages. Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1989. p. 74. ISBN 978-3-11-088611-5. OCLC 815504999.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ^ a b Schweizer, Frank (4 October 2011). Seltsame Sprache(n): Oder wie man am Amazonas bis drei zählt (in German). Militzke Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86189-788-0. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  26. ^ Blanke, Detlev (January 1999). "Wilhelm Ostwald, Ido und die Interlinguistik" (PDF). Mitteilungen der Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gesellschaft zu Großbothen e.V. 4: 54–55. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  27. ^ Pei, Mario (1968). One Language for the World. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8196-0218-3. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  28. ^ McElvenny, James (2018). Language and meaning in the age of modernism : C.K. Ogden and his contemporaries. Edinburgh. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-4744-2504-9. OCLC 1037351840. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ Forster, Peter G. (6 February 2013). The Esperanto Movement. Walter de Gruyter. p. 134. ISBN 978-3-11-082456-8. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  30. ^ Ostwald, Wilhelm; Jespersen, Otto; Lorenz, Richard; Couturat, Louis; Pflaundler, Leopol (1910). Donnan, Frederick George (ed.). International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language Into Science. Constable, limited. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  31. ^ Wilhelm Ostwald Gesellschaft (1999). Mitteilungen der Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gesellschaft zu Großbothen e. V Sonderheft. ISSN 1433-3910.

Further reading

  • Gordin, Michael D. (2015). "The Wizards of Ido". Scientific Babel : how science was done before and after global English. Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-00029-9. OCLC 887849423.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Kosuch, Carolin, ed. (24 August 2020). Freethinkers in Europe: National and Transnational Secularities, 1789−1920s. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110688283. ISBN 978-3-11-068828-3. S2CID 242623815.
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