Xiang Ying

Chinese general (1895–1941)

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项英

Bornc. 1895
Wuchang, Hubei, Qing ChinaDied1941 (aged 45–46)
Maolin, Jing County, Anhui ProvinceBuried

Nanjing

AllegianceChinese Red Army
Jiangxi SovietService/branchNew Fourth ArmyBattles/warsChinese Civil War
Second Sino-Japanese War

Xiang Ying (simplified Chinese: 项英; traditional Chinese: 項英; pinyin: Xiàng Yīng; Wade–Giles: Hsiang Ying; 1895(?) – 1941) was a war-time Chinese communist leader and an early founding member of the Chinese Communist Party who reached the rank of political chief of staff of the New Fourth Army during World War II until his assassination by a member of his staff in 1941 during the Sino-Japanese War.

Biography

Initially a labor organizer, he joined the Party in Wuhan in 1921.^[1] He continued to work in labour actions and helped lead the famous Bejing-Hankou railway workers' strike in February 1923.^[2] He went on to serve in the Communist Party of China political and military leadership during the civil war between the Nationalists (Kuomintang) and the Communists. He held high office during the CCP's Jiangxi Soviet period (1931–1934).

In October 1934, at the beginning of the Long March, Xiang stayed behind to fight a rearguard action that would allow the marchers to get out of the ring of surrounding Nationalist forces. The marchers, with Mao Zedong as their leader, went on to Yan'an, while Xiang remained in the Jiangxi region, coordinating guerrilla operations to harass Nationalist forces.

When the Japanese invaded in July 1937, a united front (the Second United Front) was declared between Nationalists and Communists, and Xiang's guerrillas became the nucleus of a legitimate fighting force: the New Fourth Army. This army operated behind Japanese lines, and was subject to orders coming from both the Communist leadership in Yan'an, and the Nationalist leadership, which had moved inland from Nanjing to Chongqing.

Xiang and Mao had a relationship based on mistrust and conflict; Xiang was considered the military officer Mao trusted the least.^[3] In the spring of 1939, Xiang ordered the secretary of the New Fourth Army Headquarters, Yang Fan, to investigate the activities of Jiang Qing, Mao's fiancee, better known as Madame Mao, when she had been an actress in Shanghai. The report by Yang, which was signed by Xiang, was cabled to Yan'an and explicitly stated that Mao should not marry Jiang Qing.^[4]

Contradictory orders from these groups led to confusion, and eventually the New Fourth Army incident, in which Xiang was killed in an assault on the army by the Nationalist forces in March 1941. He was killed by a member of his own staff, Liu Houzong for the gold resources of the New Fourth Army. Xiang had carried the gold on his own person in the aftermath of the incident. After Liu killed Xiang and two other officers, he absconded with the gold and surrendered to the Nationalists, who promptly accepted the gold and jailed him. He was later freed, and spent the rest of his life working at a salt shop in Xinyu under an assumed identity. In 1952, Liu was identified by Huang Yifan, deputy director of the Xinyu County Public Security Bureau and former guard in the New Fourth Army. Liu was quickly arrested, and executed for treason in August the same year.

The incident was a result of either mistrust or disobedience, or both, between the two parties that would lead to the resumption of full-scale civil war once the Japanese began a full retreat out of China's interior in the summer of 1945, prior to their surrender later that year. Some historians have argued that Xiang was the victim of the indecision of Mao Zedong. Mao's supporters argued that Xiang's misunderstanding of the potential threats posed by the Nationalists, along with his own ambitions, led to his demise.

References

^ Gao 2018, p. 21.
^ Benton, Gregor (1999). New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938-1941. University of California Press. pp. 645–695. ISBN 978-0-520-21992-2.
^ Gao 2018, p. 277.
^ Gao 2018, p. 295.

Sources

Gao, Hua (2018-11-15). How the Red Sun Rose: The Origin and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 978-962-996-822-9.