Xiapu dialect

Dialect of Eastern Min Chinese

Xiapu
霞浦話
Native to	Southern China
Region	Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Eastern Min Xiapu
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese^[a] Proto-Min
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	`79-AAA-ibe`
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The Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Phonology

The Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m 蒙		n 日	ŋ 語
Stop	Aspirated	pʰ 波		tʰ 他	kʰ 氣
Stop	Tenuis	p 邊		t 低	k 求	ʔ 鶯
Fricative		(β)	θ 時	(ʒ)	x 喜
Affricate	Aspirated			ʦʰ 出
Affricate	Tenuis			ʦ 曾
Lateral				l 柳

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable	The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/	/p/, /pʰ/ change to /β/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /l/; /x/ change to the null initial; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /kʰ/, /l/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/	/p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /n/; /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, /l/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/	All initials remain unchanged.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[1]^[2]^[3]

^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

Compilation Commission of Chorography of Xiapu County 霞浦县地方志编纂委员会 (1990). Xia pu xian zhi 霞浦县志 ["Chorography of Xiapu County"]. Vol. 27. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. ISBN 7-80122-542-2.

Languages

Houguan	Fuzhou dialect Fuqing dialect Changle dialect Gutian dialect Matsu dialect
Funing	Xiapu dialect Fu'an dialect Ningde dialect
Others	Manjiang dialect Zhongshan Min Longdu dialect Nanlang dialect

Teochew Min	Swatow dialect
Hokkien	Amoy dialect Quanzhou dialects Hui'an dialect Yongchun dialect Zhangzhou dialects Longyan dialect Taiwanese Banana colloquial speech Northern Malacca Straits Hokkien Penang Hokkien Medan Hokkien Hokkien Kelantan Philippine Hokkien Southern Malacca Straits Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Singaporean Hokkien
Others	Datian Min Houlu dialect Haklau Min Zhenan Min Zhongshan Min Sanxiang dialect

Logographic	Chinese characters
Alphabetic	Pe̍h-ōe-jī Pe̍h-ūe-jī Hainan Romanized Foochow Romanized Hinghwa Romanized Kienning Colloquial Romanized Taiwanese Romanization System Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet Daighi tongiong pingim Bbánlám pìngyīm Peng'im Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
Mixed	Hàn-lô