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Yamanadvipa

Yamanadvipa/
Yen-nio-na-cheu
650s – 1350s
Proposed location of Yamanadvipa, with the other five kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia mentioned by Xuanzang in the 7th century.
Proposed location of Yamanadvipa, with the other five kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia mentioned by Xuanzang in the 7th century.
Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in Menam and Mekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, and others.
Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in Menam and Mekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, and others.
CapitalYamanadvīpapura
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Established
650s
• Mentioned by Xuanzang
7th century
• First envoy from Indrapura
911
• Mentioned in Angkor source
1200s
• Last mentioned in Champa source
1306
• Disestablished
1350s
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Zhān Bó
Lan Xang
Today part of

Yamanadvipa or Yavanadvipa or Java was an ancient kingdom in Mainland Southeast Asia mentioned as Yen-nio-na-cheu in the journey of a Chinese Buddhist monk, Xuanzang, during his journey in India.[1]: 200 [2]: 128–9  It was said to be located to the west of Mo-ho-chan-po (Mahacampa), which is the same as Lin-i,[2]: 128–9  and was one of the six kingdoms situated beyond the deep seas, hemmed in by high mountains and rivers that were inaccessible (from the Gulf of Martaban).[1]: 200 

The other kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia mentioned by Xuanzang, including Sri Ksetra, Kamalanka, Dvaravati, Chenla, and Champa.[2]: 128–9  These six kingdoms were within the Jumukote or Yamakote (यमकोटि; यमकोटी, Eastern Boundary) of Ptolemy's map of Jambudvipa.

The identification of Yamanadvipa is currently uncertain.[3]: 14  Still, according to its suffix "dvipa" (Sanskrit: द्वीप), which means "island" or "continent", it is probably located on an island or surrounded by water. Meanwhile, "yamana" (Sanskrit: यमन) means "restraining", "curbing", or "governing". Some equated Yamanadvipa with Yavanadvipa (Sanskrit: यवनद्वीप),[3]: 14  in which the king of "Yavana" appears in the Preah Khan Inscription (K.908) of Jayavarman VII, together with king of Java and two kings of Champa.[4]: 62 [5]: 98  However, previous scholars identified "Yavana" with Annam,[4]: 62 [5]: 98  and this assumption as well as the Khmer's claim of supremacy over neighboring kingdoms have recently been challenged.[4]: 62–3 

In northern Champa, there were records (Inscription C.149) of two groups of high officials of the Indrapura dynasty who were sent to Yavadvīpapura, the capital of the nearly identical kingdom of Yavadvīpa for diplomatic tasks in 833 Śaka (911 CE).[4]: 66, 75  Yavadvīpa occurs again in the C.22 Inscription, dating to 1228 Śaka (1305/1306 CE), says a princess of the great king of Yavadvīpa became a chief queen of Champa. Some have linked Yavadvīpa with Java;[4]: 71, 75  nevertheless, numerous Champa inscriptions explicitly mention Java as "Javā".[4]: 67  The identification of Yavadvīpa is also currently uncertain.[4]: 71 

There was also a kingdom with an almost identical name, Chawa or Sawa (Lao: ຊວາ, pronounced [súa]) of Khmu people, located northwest of Champa, and bordered Gotapura, centered at Thakhek, to the south.[6]: 13  These two polities may have been influenced by the culture of Dvaravati in central Thailand.[6]: 13  Chawa was later conquered by the legendary Khun Lo of Lao people in 698. The polity was then Taificated and historically known as Muang Sua. It later evolved to Luang Prabang of the Lan Xang kingdom in the 14th century.[7]

Since the term Java, which is derived from the legacy of the first Angkorian king Jayavarman II, was re-interpreted to mean "the Chams" by Michael Vickery,[8]: 56  Yamanadvipa was possibly the inland Champ's kingdom named Zhān Bó, whose location matches that of Yavanadvipa. This conforms with the presupposition proposed by Japanese scholar Tatsuo Hoshino, who suggests that, following the end of the Wen Dan or trans-Mekong confederated city-states period around the 800s, the Isan region of Thailand entered a new period, known as Java.[9]: 61–2 

According to the Laotian Phra That Phanom Chronicle [th], its chief city at Champasri and several satellite settlements, together with the neighboring kingdom of Kuruntha at Saket Nakhon (present-day Roi Et), were destroyed by King Fa Ngum of Luang Phrabang after he successfully reunited the Laotian Kingdoms in the mid-14th century.[10] Local sage claims that King of Champasri had a close dynastic relation with Mahendravarman, King of Chenla.[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b Samuel Beal (1884). Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World (PDF). London: Trubner & Co. Ludgate Hill. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Zhang Hui Ji (2005). The Life of Hsüan Tsang by his by his personal disciples Hui-li and Yen-ts'ung (PDF). Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan. ISBN 81-88643-16-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2025.
  3. ^ a b Lipi Ghosh (March 2019). "Bengal Interface Asia". University of Calcutta. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Arlo Griffiths (2013). "The Problem of the Ancient Name Java and the Role of Satyavarman in Southeast Asian International Relations Around the Turn of the Ninth Century CE". Archipel. 85: 43–81. doi:10.3406/arch.2013.4384. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ a b Thomas S. Maxwell (2007). "The Stele Inscription of Preah Khan, Angkor: Text with Translation and Commentary" (PDF). Journal of Khmer Studies. 8: 1–131. doi:10.5281/zenodo.14497146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  6. ^ a b Chen Hongyu (2017), 寮國史 [History of Laos] (in Chinese), 臺灣商務, ISBN 978-9570530766
  7. ^ Wolfson-Ford, Ryan (2016). "Sons of Khun Bulom: The discovery by modern Lao historians of the 'birth of the Lao race'". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 47 (2): 169. doi:10.1017/S0022463416000035.
  8. ^ Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 9781842125847
  9. ^ Hoshino, T (2002). "Wen Dan and its neighbors: the central Mekong Valley in the seventh and eighth centuries.". In M. Ngaosrivathana; K. Breazeale (eds.). Breaking New Ground in Lao History: Essays on the Seventh to Twentieth Centuries. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 25–72.
  10. ^ a b "ระบำจัมปาศรี" [Champasri Dance]. www.isan.clubs.chula.ac.th (in Thai). 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)