Kontroversi Penobatan

Kontroversi Penobatan atau Kontes Pelantikan (Inggris: Investiture Controversy),^[1] yang terkadang secara salah diterjemahkan menjadi "Kontroversi Pentahbisan", adalah konflik paling signifikan antara gereja dan negara pada Abad Pertengahan di Eropa. Pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12, Paus menentang wewenang penguasa Eropa dalam penobatan atau pelantikan pejabat-pejabat gereja seperti uskup dan biarawan.

Kontroversi penobatan, bukan penahbisan sebagaimana sering salah dipahami, dimulai saat perebutan kekuasaan terjadi antara Paus Gregorius VII (1072-1085) dan Henry IV, Kaisar Romawi Suci (1056–1106).^[2] Kontroversi ini diselesaikan oleh Konkordat Worms pada tahun 1122.

Catatan

Daftar pustaka

• Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1988). The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Middle Ages. HarperCollins
• Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. Oxford University Press.
• Jolly, Karen Louise. (1997). Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500. ME Sharpe.
• McCarthy, T. J. H. (2014). Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and his continuators. Manchester: Manchester Medieval Sources. ISBN 978-0-7190-8470-6.
• Metz, René. (1960). What Is Canon Law? Hawthorn Books. New York.
• Tellenbach, Gerd (1993). The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Cambridge University Press.

Pranala luar

• "Investiture Controversy", from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
• "Conflict of Investitures", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
• "Canonical Investiture", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
• "Investiture" Diarsipkan 2009-02-21 di Wayback Machine., from the Columbia Encyclopedia.
• "The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy" Diarsipkan 2015-02-15 di Wayback Machine., from the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (ORB).
• "Empire and Papacy", from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.

Sumber

• Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, Jan 24 1076.
• Gregory VII: First Deposition and Banning of Henry IV (Feb 22, 1076)
• Gregory VII: Second Banning and Dethronement of Henry IV (March 7, 1080)
• Gregory VII: Dictatus Papae 1090
• Ban on Lay Investitures, 1078
• The Concordat of Worms 1122
• The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123
• Avalon Project, Yale University: Documents relating to the War of the Investitures Diarsipkan 2005-08-28 di Wayback Machine.