Aras pengukuran

Aras pengukuran atau skala ukuran ialah pengelasan yang menghuraikan sifat maklumat di dalam nilai yang ditugaskan dengan pemboleh ubah.^[1] Ahli psikologi Stanley Smith Stevens menghasilkan pengelasan terkenal dengan empat aras, atau skala, pengukuran: nominal, ordinal, jarak, dan nisbah.^[1]^[2] Rangka kerja aras pengukuran yang membezakan asalnya dari psikologi dan dikritik meluas oleh sarjana dalam disiplin lain.^[3] Pengelasan lain termasuk yang dihasilkan oleh Mosteller dan Tukey,^[4] and by Chrisman.^[5]

Lihat juga

Kapa Cohen
Koheren (unit pengukuran)
Prinsip Hume
Kebolehpercayaan nilai antara
Skala logaritma
Kaedah Ramsey–Lewis
Teori set
Jenis data perangkaan
Peralihan (linguistik)

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b Kirch, Wilhelm, penyunting (2008). "Level of Measurement". Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2. Springer. m/s. 851–852. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_1971. ISBN 978-1-4020-5613-0.
^ Stevens, S. S. (7 June 1946). "On the Theory of Scales of Measurement". Science. 103 (2684): 677–680. Bibcode:1946Sci...103..677S. doi:10.1126/science.103.2684.677. PMID 17750512. S2CID 4667599.
^ Michell, J. (1986). "Measurement scales and statistics: a clash of paradigms". Psychological Bulletin. 100 (3): 398–407. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.398.
^ Mosteller, Frederick (1977). Data analysis and regression : a second course in statistics. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0201048544.
^ Chrisman, Nicholas R. (1998). "Rethinking Levels of Measurement for Cartography". Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 25 (4): 231–242. doi:10.1559/152304098782383043. ISSN 1523-0406.Templat:Subscription needed

Bacaan lanjut

Alper, T. M. (1985). "A note on real measurement structures of scale type (m, m + 1)". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 29: 73–81. doi:10.1016/0022-2496(85)90019-7.
Alper, T. M. (1987). "A classification of all order-preserving homeomorphism groups of the reals that satisfy finite uniqueness". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 31 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1016/0022-2496(87)90012-5.
Briand, L. & El Emam, K. & Morasca, S. (1995). On the Application of Measurement Theory in Software Engineering. Empirical Software Engineering, 1, 61–88. [On line] https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232755/http://www2.umassd.edu/swpi/ISERN/isern-95-04.pdf
Cliff, N. (1996). Ordinal Methods for Behavioral Data Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. ISBN 0-8058-1333-0
Cliff, N. & Keats, J. A. (2003). Ordinal Measurement in the Behavioral Sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. ISBN 0-8058-2093-0
Lord, Frederic M (December 1953). "On the Statistical Treatment of Football Numbers" (PDF). American Psychologist. 8 (12): 750–751. doi:10.1037/h0063675. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 20 July 2011. Dicapai pada 16 September 2010.

See also reprints in:

Readings in Statistics, Ch. 3, (Haber, A., Runyon, R. P., and Badia, P.) Reading, Mass: Addison–Wesley, 1970
Maranell, Gary Michael, penyunting (2007). "Chapter 31". Scaling: A Sourcebook for Behavioral Scientists. New Brunswick, New Jersey & London, UK: Aldine Transaction. m/s. 402–405. ISBN 978-0-202-36175-8. Dicapai pada 16 September 2010.

Hardcastle, G. L. (1995). "S. S. Stevens and the origins of operationism". Philosophy of Science. 62 (3): 404–424. doi:10.1086/289875.
Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley.
Luce, R. D. (1986). "Uniqueness and homogeneity of ordered relational structures". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 30 (4): 391–415. doi:10.1016/0022-2496(86)90017-9.
Luce, R. D. (1987). "Measurement structures with Archimedean ordered translation groups". Order. 4 (2): 165–189. doi:10.1007/bf00337695. S2CID 16080432.
Luce, R. D. (1997). "Quantification and symmetry: commentary on Michell 'Quantitative science and the definition of measurement in psychology'". British Journal of Psychology. 88 (3): 395–398. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1997.tb02645.x.
Luce, R. D. (2000). Utility of uncertain gains and losses: measurement theoretic and experimental approaches. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Luce, R. D. (2001). "Conditions equivalent to unit representations of ordered relational structures". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 45 (1): 81–98. doi:10.1006/jmps.1999.1293. PMID 11178923. S2CID 12231599.
Luce, R. D.; Tukey, J. W. (1964). "Simultaneous conjoint measurement: a new scale type of fundamental measurement". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 1: 1–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.334.5018. doi:10.1016/0022-2496(64)90015-x.
Michell, J. (1986). "Measurement scales and statistics: a clash of paradigms". Psychological Bulletin. 100 (3): 398–407. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.398.
Michell, J. (1997). "Quantitative science and the definition of measurement in psychology". British Journal of Psychology. 88 (3): 355–383. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1997.tb02641.x. S2CID 143169737.
Michell, J. (1999). Measurement in Psychology – A critical history of a methodological concept. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Michell, J. (2008). "Is psychometrics pathological science?". Measurement – Interdisciplinary Research & Perspectives. 6 (1–2): 7–24. doi:10.1080/15366360802035489. S2CID 146702066.
Narens, L. (1981a). "A general theory of ratio scalability with remarks about the measurement-theoretic concept of meaningfulness". Theory and Decision. 13: 1–70. doi:10.1007/bf02342603. S2CID 119401596.
Narens, L. (1981b). "On the scales of measurement". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 24 (3): 249–275. doi:10.1016/0022-2496(81)90045-6.
Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Educational Research.
Rozeboom, W. W. (1966). "Scaling theory and the nature of measurement". Synthese. 16 (2): 170–233. doi:10.1007/bf00485356. S2CID 46970420.
Stevens, S. S. (June 7, 1946). "On the Theory of Scales of Measurement" (PDF). Science. 103 (2684): 677–680. Bibcode:1946Sci...103..677S. doi:10.1126/science.103.2684.677. PMID 17750512. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 25 November 2011. Dicapai pada 16 September 2010.
Stevens, S. S. (1951). Mathematics, measurement and psychophysics. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology (pp. 1–49). New York: Wiley.
Stevens, S. S. (1975). Psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
von Eye, A. (2005). "Review of Cliff and Keats, Ordinal measurement in the behavioral sciences". Applied Psychological Measurement. 29 (5): 401–403. doi:10.1177/0146621605276938.