Pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet

Pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet

Kereta kebal di Dataran Merah semasa cubaan rampasan kuasa Soviet 1991
Tarikh	26 Disember 1991; 32 tahun yang lalu (1991-12-26)[1]
Lokasi	Kesatuan Soviet
Hadirin	Rakyat Soviet Pemerintah kesatuan Soviet Kerajaan di Republik Kesatuan Soviet Republik Sosialis Autonomi di Kesatuan Soviet
Hasil	Pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet kepada 15 buah republik merdeka Penamat kepada Perang Dingin

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Pertubuhan berkaitan Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Dissent and opposition Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation "Jungle" Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement (Bulgaria) Romanian anti-communism Polish cursed soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre (Russia) 1968 events Peristiwa Musim Bunga Praha Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 (Czechoslovakia) Solidarity (Poland) Jeltoqsan (Kazakhstan) Braşov rebellion (Romania) January Events (Lithuania) The Barricades (Latvia) April 9 tragedy (Georgia) Black January (Azerbaijan)
Cold War events Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito–Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Korean War 1956 "Secret Speech" Sino-Soviet Split 1961 Berlin Wall crisis 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Cuban intervention in Angola Afghan War 1980 Moscow Olympics Gulf War
Kejatuhan Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
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Pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet^[a] terjadi pada 26 Disember 1991, secara rasminya menganugerahkan kemerdekaan pentadbiran sendiri kepada republik-republik dalam gabungan Republik Sosialis Kesatuan Soviet (USSR). Ia merupakan keputusan daripada perisyitharan bernombor 142-Н dikeluarkan Soviet Tertinggi di Kesatuan Soviet^[1] yang mengakui kemerdekaan republik-republik bekas Soviet dan penubuhan Komanwel Negera Merdeka (CIS), meskipun lima buah daripada republik ini meratifikasikannya lebih awal atau tidak menandatanganinya langsung. Pada hari sebelumnya iaitu pada 25 Disember, Presiden Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev, pemimpin ke-8 dan terakhir di USSR, telah meletak jawatan dan mengistiharkan pejabatnya dibubarkan dan menyerahkan kuasa beliau termasuk kawalan ke atas kod pelancaran peluru berpandu nuklear Soviet kepada Presiden Rusia Boris Yeltsin. Pada petangnya 7:32 p.m., bendera Soviet telah diturunkan di Kremlin untuk kali terakhir dan digantikan dengan bendera Rusia pra-revolusi.^[2]

Terdahulu, bermula bulan Ogos hingga Disember; semua republik individu termasuk Rusia sama ada telah memisahkan diri mereka sendiri daripada Soviet atau membatalkan Perjanjian Penubuhan USSR. Seminggu sebelum pembubaran rasmi, 11 buah republik telah menandatangani Protokol Alma-Ata yang mana secara rasminya menubuhkan CIS dan mengistiharkan bahawa USSR tidak lagi wujud.^[3][4] Kedua-dua Revolusi 1989 dan pembubaran USSR juga menandakan berakhirnya Perang Dingin.

Beberapa republik bekas Soviet mengekalkan hubungan rapat dengan Persekutuan Rusia dan menubuhkan pertubuhan multi lateral seperti Komanwel Negara Merdeka, Komuniti Ekonomi Eurasia, Negara Kesatuan, Pertubuhan Budaya Eurasia dan Kesatuan Ekonomi Eurasia bagi mempertingkatkan kerjasama keselamatan dan ekonomi. Dari sudut lain, negara Baltik telah menyertai NATO dan Kesatuan Eropah.

Lihat juga

Nota

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut

• BOUGHTON, J. M. (1999). "After the fall: building nations out of the Soviet Union". Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990 (PDF). International Monetary Fund. m/s. 349–408.
• Aron, Leon. Boris Yeltsin : A Revolutionary Life. Harper Collins (2000). ISBN 0-00-653041-9
• Aron, Leon Rabinovich (25 April 2006). "The "Mystery" of the Soviet Collapse" (PDF). Journal of Democracy (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 17 (2): 21–35. doi:10.1353/jod.2006.0022. ISSN 1086-3214. Dicapai pada 23 September 2018.
• Beissinger, Mark R. (2009). "Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism" (PDF). Contemporary European History (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 18 (3): 331–347. doi:10.1017/S0960777309005074. ISSN 1469-2171. JSTOR 40542830. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2018-09-23. Dicapai pada 23 September 2018.
• Brown, Archie. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford University Press (1997). ISBN 978-0-19288-052-9.
• Cohen, Stephen F. (27 January 2017). "Was the Soviet System Reformable?". Slavic Review (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 63 (3): 459–488. doi:10.2307/1520337. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 1520337. Dicapai pada 23 September 2018.
• Crawshaw, Steve. Goodbye to the USSR: The Collapse of Soviet Power. Bloomsbury (1992). ISBN 0-7475-1561-1
• Dallin, Alexander (October 1992). "Causes of the Collapse of the USSR". Post-Soviet Affairs (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 8 (4): 279–302. doi:10.1080/1060586X.1992.10641355. ISSN 1060-586X. Dicapai pada 23 September 2018.
• Dawisha, Karen & Parrott, Bruce (Editors). "Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus". Cambridge University Press (1997). ISBN 0-521-59731-5
• de Waal, Thomas. Black Garden. NYU (2003). ISBN 0-8147-1945-7
• Gorbachev, Mikhail. Memoirs. Doubleday (1995). ISBN 0-385-40668-1
• Gvosdev, Nikolas K., ed. The Strange Death of Soviet Communism: A Post-Script. Transaction Publishers (2008). ISBN 978-1-41280-698-5
• Kotz, David, and Fred Weir. “The Collapse of the Soviet Union was a Revolution from Above.” In The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, edited by Laurie Stoff, 155–164. Thomson Gale (2006).
• Mayer, Tom (1 March 2002). "The Collapse of Soviet Communism: A Class Dynamics Interpretation". Social Forces (dalam bahasa Inggeris). University of North Carolina Press. 80 (3): 759–811. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.846.4133. doi:10.1353/sof.2002.0012. hdl:hein.journals/josf80. ISSN 0037-7732. JSTOR 3086457. Dicapai pada 23 September 2018. Unknown parameter |layurl= ignored (bantuan)
• Miller, Chris (13 October 2016). The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy: Mikhail Gorbachev and the Collapse of the USSR. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-3018-2.
• O'Clery, Conor. Moscow December 25, 1991: The Last Day of the Soviet Union. Transworld Ireland (2011). ISBN 978-1-84827-112-8
• Segrillo, Angelo (December 2016). "The Decline of the Soviet Union: A Hypothesis on Industrial Paradigms, Technological Revolutions and the Roots of Perestroika" (PDF). LEA Working Paper Series. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Laboratório de Estudos da Ásia, University of Sao Paulo (2): 1–25. Dicapai pada 23 September 2018.
• Plokhy, Serhii. The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union. Oneworld (2014). ISBN 978-1-78074-646-3
• Strayer, Robert. Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse? Understanding Historical Change. M. E. Sharpe (1998). ISBN 978-0-76560-004-2
• Suny, Ronald. Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press (1993). ISBN 978-0-80472-247-6
• Walker, Edward W. Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (2003). ISBN 978-0-74252-453-8

Pautan luar

• Photographs of the fall of the USSR by photojournalist Alain-Pierre Hovasse, a first-hand witness of these events.
• Guide to the James Hershberg poster collection Diarkibkan 2017-10-10 di Wayback Machine, Special Collections Research Center, The Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University. This collection contains posters documenting the changing social and political culture in the former Soviet Union and Europe (particularly Eastern Europe) during the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union. A significant portion of the posters in this collection were used in a 1999 exhibit at Gelman Library titled "Goodbye Comrade: An Exhibition of Images from the Revolution of '89 and the Collapse of Communism."
• Lowering of the Soviet flag in December 25, 1991
• U.S. Response to the End of the USSR from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
• Miller, Chris (March 5, 2017). "The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy". C-Span.

Rencana berkaitan Kesatuan Soviet ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

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