Filipinsko-američki rat

Filipinsko-američki rat
Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano

U smeru kazaljki na satu od gore levo: Trupe SAD u Manila, Gregorio del Pilar i njegove trupe oko 1898, Amerikanci čuvaju most na reci Pasig 1898. godine,Bitka za Santa Kruz, Filipinski vojnici kod Malolosa, Bitka kod Kingva

Vreme:	4. februar 1899 – 2. jul 1902^[1] (3 године, 4 месеца и 4 седмице) Moro pobuna: 1899–1913
Mesto:	Filipini
Ishod:	Američka pobeda Američka okupacija Filipina; raspuštanje Prve Filipinske Republike
Teritorijalne promene:	Filipini postaju neinkorporirana teritorija Sjedinjenih Država i, kasnije Komonvelta SAD (do 1946).

Sukobljene strane

1899–1902
Sjedinjene Države

Vojna vlada

1899–1902
Philippine Republic

Negros republika
Zamboanga republika

Ograničena strana podrška:

Japansko carstvo

1902–1913
Sjedinjene Države

Ostrvska vlada

1902–1906
Tagalog republika

1899–1913
Sulu sultanat

Jačina

≈126.000 total^[2]^[3]

≈24.000 do ≈44.000 borbena jačina^[4]

≈80.000–100.000
regularni i rezervisti^[4]

Žrtve i gubici

4.234^[5]–6,165 killed,^[6] 2.818 ranjeno^[5]

16.000-20.000 ubijeno^[7]

Filipinski civili: 250.000–1.000.000 umrlo, najviše zbog gladi i bolesti;^[7] uključujući 200.000 umrlih od kolere.^[8]^[9]^[i]

^ Iako postoje mnoge procene smrtnosti civila, pri čemu su neke čak i preko miliona, savremeni istoričari uglavnom postavljaju smrtnost na između 200.000 i 1.000.000; pogledajte „Žrtve”.

Filipinsko-američki rat,^[10] koji se naziva i Filipino-američkim ratom, Filipinskim ratom, Filipinskom pobunom ili Tagaloškom pobunom^[11]^[12] (filipinski: Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano; španski: Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense), bio je oružani sukob između Prve Filipinske Republike i Sjedinjenih Država koji je trajao od 4. februara 1899. do 2. jula 1902.^[1] Dok su filipinski nacionalisti na sukob gledali kao na nastavak borbe za nezavisnost koja je započeta 1896. godine Filipinskom revolucijom, Američka vlada je to smatrala pobunom.^[13] Sukob je nastao kada se Prva Filipinska Republika usprotivila uslovima Pariskog ugovora po kojem su SAD preuzele Filipine od Španije, okončavši kratki Špansko-američki rat.^[14]

Borba je izbila između snaga Sjedinjenih Država i Filipinske republike 4. februara 1899. godine, u onome što je postalo poznata kao Bitka za Manilu iz 1899. godine. Dana 2. juna 1899. godine Prva Filipinska Republika zvanično je objavila rat protiv Sjedinjenih Država.^[15]^[16] Rat je zvanično završen 2. jula 1902. pobedom Sjedinjenih Država. Međutim, neke filipinske grupe - predvođene veteranima Katipunana, filipinskog revolucionarnog društva - nastavile su da se bore protiv američkih snaga još nekoliko godina. Među tim vođama bio je i general Makario Sakaj, veteranski član Katipunana koji je preuzeo dužnost predsedavajućeg proglašene Tagalog republike, formirane 1902. godine nakon hvatanja predsednika Emilija Aguinalda. Ostale grupe, uključujući narode Moro i Pulahan, nastavile su sa neprijateljstvima u udaljenim predelima i ostrvima, sve do svog konačnog poraza u bici kod Bud Bagsaka, 15. juna 1913. godine.^[17]

Rat je rezultirao smrću najmanje 200.000 filipinskih civila, uglavnom zbog gladi i bolesti.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] Neke procene za ukupne civilne mrtve dostižu i milion.^[26]^[7] Rat, a posebno američka okupacija koja je usledela, promenili su kulturu ostrva, što je dovelo do ukidanja Katoličke crkve na Filipinima kao državne religije i uvođenja engleskog na ostrva kao primarnog jezika vlasti, obrazovanja, biznisa, industrije, i u narednim decenijama, među porodicama više klase i obrazovanim pojedincima.

Godine 1902. Kongres Sjedinjenih Država usvojio je Filipinski organski zakon, kojim je predviđeno stvaranje Filipinske skupštine, sa članovima koje biraju Filipinski muškarci (žene nisu imale glas sve do nakon plebiscita o izboru iz 1937). ^[27]^[28] Ovaj zakon je zamenjen Džonsovim zakonom iz 1916. godine (Zakon o autonomiji Filipina), koji je sadržao prvu formalnu i zvaničnu izjavu posvećenosti vlade Sjedinjenih Država da se na kraju odobri nezavisnost Filipinima.^[29] Tajdings-Makdafijev zakon iz 1934. (Zakon of filipinskoj nezavisnosti) stvorio je Filipinski komonvelt sledeće godine, povećavajući samoupravu pre nezavisnosti i uspostavio proces ka punoj filipinskoj nezavisnosti (prvobitno planiranoj za 1944. godinu, ali je to omeo i odložio Drugi svetski rat). Sjedinjene Države su dale nezavisnost 1946, posle Drugog svetskog rata i Japanske okupacije Filipina, Sporazumom iz Manile.

Reference

^ ^а ^б Worcester 1914, стр. 293. sfn грешка: више циљева (2×): CITEREFWorcester1914 (help)
^ „Historian Paul Kramer revisits the Philippine–American War”. The JHU Gazette. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 35 (29). 10. 4. 2006. Приступљено 25. 12. 2016.
^ Deady 2005, стр. 62 (p.10 of the pdf)
^ ^а ^б Deady 2005, стр. 55 (p.3 of the pdf)
^ ^а ^б Karnow 1989, стр. 194.
^ Hack & Rettig 2006, стр. 172.
^ ^а ^б ^в Burdeos 2008, стр. 14
^ Ramsey 2007, стр. 103.
^ Smallman-Raynor, Matthew; Cliff, Andrew D. (1998). „The Philippines insurrection and the 1902–4 cholera epidemic: Part I—Epidemiological diffusion processes in war”. Journal of Historical Geography. 24 (1): 69—89. doi:10.1006/jhge.1997.0077.
^ „Philippines Background Note”. U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets: Background Notes. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. 2004. Приступљено 25. 12. 2016.
^ Battjes 2011, стр. 74.
^ Silbey 2008, стр. 15.
^ „The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902”. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Приступљено 19. 11. 2017.
^ Randolph 2009.
^ Kalaw 1927, стр. 199–200.
^ Paterno, Pedro Alejandro (2. 6. 1899). „Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War”. The Philippine-American War Documents. San Pablo City, Philippines: MSC Institute of Technology, Inc. Приступљено 25. 12. 2016.
^ Agoncillo 1990, стр. 247–297.
^ Clodfelter, Michael, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991
^ Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother (1961) pp. 360
^ Benjamin A. Valentino, Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century (2005) pp. 27
^ FAS (2000), Federation of American Scientists, The World at War (2000)
^ Philip Sheldon Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism (1972) pp. 626
^ George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: U.S. foreign relations since 1776 (2008) pp. 329
^ Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection (1969)
^ Irving Werstein, 1898: The Spanish American War: told with pictures (1966) pp. 124
^ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History (на језику: енглески). ABC-CLIO. стр. 478. ISBN 9781851099511.
^ „The Road to Women's Suffrage in the Philippines”. Bayanihan News, Australia. 8. 8. 2014.
^ United States Congress (29. 8. 1916). „Philippine Autonomy Act”. thecorpusjuris.com.
^ In the "Instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission Архивирано 2009-02-27 на сајту Wayback Machine" dated April 7, 1900, President William McKinley reiterated the intentions of the United States Government to establish and organize governments, essentially popular in their form, in the municipal and provincial administrative divisions of the Philippine Islands. However, there was no official mention of any declaration of Philippine Independence.

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Spoljašnje veze

Filipinsko-američki rat na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.

The American Peril – An Examination of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin
War Arnaldo Dumindin
Images from the Philippine-United States War historicaltextarchive.com
A brief description of the war between the United States and the Philippines, which began in 1899.
"August 13, 1898 and RP's short-lived republic" на сајту Wayback Machine (архивирано 2008-02-13)by Mariano "Anong" Santos, Pinoy Newsmagazine, August 2006 (archived on 2008-02-13)
"Imperial Amnesia" by John B. Judis, Foreign Policy, July/August 2004
The Philippine Revolutionary Records at Filipiniana.net (archived on 2009-05-25).
"Battle of Paceo", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison на сајту Wayback Machine (архивирано 2011-05-11)(archived on 2011-05-11)
"Battle of Quingua", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison на сајту Wayback Machine (архивирано 2011-05-11)(archived on 2011-05-11)
of Philippine–American War
Booknotes interview with Stanley Karnow on In Our Датотека: America's Empire in the Philippines, May 28, 1989.
No. 15 Spanish 12-pounder Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (21. септембар 2012) Photo of a bronze cannon captured by the Americans in Manila.
Philippine–American War – 1899–1902 (videos)
Reenactment of Spanish–American War (video) на сајту YouTube
Spanish–American War Reenactment Groups