1956 Amorgos earthquake

1956 earthquake and tsunami centered near the Greek island of Amorgos
36°39′59″N 25°57′25″E / 36.6664°N 25.957°E / 36.6664; 25.957Areas affectedGreece, Santorini and AmorgosMax. intensityMMI IX (Violent)Tsunami30 m (98 ft)Casualties53

The 1956 Amorgos earthquake occurred at 03:11 UTC on July 9. It had a magnitude of 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The epicentre was to the south of the island of Amorgos, the easternmost island of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea. There was significant damage on Amorgos and the neighbouring island of Santorini. It was the largest earthquake in Greece in the 20th century.[1] It was followed 13 minutes later by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake near Santorini. It triggered a major tsunami with a maximum run-up of 30 m. The combined effects of the earthquake shaking and the tsunami caused the deaths of 53 people with a further 100 injured.[2][3]

Tectonic setting

The Cyclades island group lies within a zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea Plate, between the South Aegean Volcanic Arc to the south and the continuation of the North Anatolian Fault to the north. The extension is a result of the bulging out of the Hellenic arc due to flat-slab subduction of the African Plate.[4]

Earthquake

The earthquake's focal mechanism is consistent with normal faulting, trending SW-NE. From the distribution of aftershocks, it is possible to discriminate between the two nodal planes implied by the focal mechanism, indicating that the fault plane dips to the southeast at about 25°.[3] The rupture area is estimated to be about 110 km along strike and 26 km in depth, extending into the upper mantle.[5]

Tsunami

The tsunami affected a large part of the Aegean Sea. The variable distribution of the observed run-ups, combined with inconsistent timing of the wave arrivals at different locations, suggest that earthquake-triggered underwater landslides were the main cause of the observed tsunami.[3]

Damage

Damage was severe, particularly on Santorini. The earthquake demolished 529 houses and left many others damaged.[2] Fifty-three people were killed as a result of the earthquake, with another three killed by the associated tsunami.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Papadimitriou E., Sourlas G. & Karakostas V. (2005). "Seismicity Variations in the Southern Aegean, Greece, Before and After the Large (M7.7) 1956 Amorgos Earthquake Due to Evolving Stress". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 162 (5): 783–804. Bibcode:2005PApGe.162..783P. doi:10.1007/s00024-004-2641-z. S2CID 140605036.
  2. ^ a b "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b c Okal, EA (2009). "The 1956 earthquake and tsunami in Amorgos, Greece". Geophysical Journal International. 178 (3): 1533–1554. Bibcode:2009GeoJI.178.1533O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04237.x.
  4. ^ ten Veen, J.H.; Kleinspehn, K.L. (2003). "Incipient continental collision and plate-boundary curvature: Late Pliocene–Holocene transtensional Hellenic forearc, Crete, Greece". Journal of the Geological Society. 160 (2): 161–181. Bibcode:2003JGSoc.160..161T. doi:10.1144/0016-764902-067. S2CID 219542417.
  5. ^ Konstantinou K.I. (2010). "Crustal rheology of the Santorini–Amorgos zone: Implications for the nucleation depth and rupture extent of the 9 July 1956 Amorgos earthquake, southern Aegean". Journal of Geodynamics. 50 (5): 400–409. Bibcode:2010JGeo...50..400K. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2010.05.002.
  6. ^ "Comments for the Tsunami Event". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 22 February 2016.

External links

  • The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
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Earthquakes in the 1950s
1952
1953
1954
1956
1957
1959
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year