2018 AH

Near-Earth asteroid Christmas 2021

2018 AH is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 100 m (300 ft) in diameter. It was first observed on 4 January 2018, by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) on Mauna Loa and quickly followed-up by many other surveys, with precovery observations found from Pan-STARRS and PTF from the day previous.

It is the largest known asteroid to pass so close to Earth (0.001985 AU (297,000 km; 184,500 mi)) since 2002 JE9 in 1971,[4] and until 2001 WN5 in 2028, although it was only discovered two days after its closest approach on 2 January 2018, at 04:25 UTC. The Tunguska asteroid was likely of a similar size, if not slightly smaller.

Before being recovered on 4 January 2022 11:49 UTC[5] at an Earth distance of 9.8 million km, the asteroid only had an observation arc of 46 days and had not been observed since February 2018. Being a short arc object that had not been observed for years generated an uncertainty that is relatively large. Between 24–31 December 2021 it was only known to make an Earth approach of between 1-8 million km.[6] As it came to perihelion on 3 December 2021, it was approaching from the direction of the Sun.

2021 close approach
Date JPL SBDB
nominal geocentric
distance 		uncertainty
region
(3-sigma)
2021-12-27.7 ± 3.6 days
(as known before recovery)		 4.5 million km ± 3.6 million km[6]
2021-12-27.548
(as known after recovery)		 4.68 million km ± 83 km[6]

Description

2018 AH has a fairly eccentric orbit, and its distance to the Sun therefore varies from as close as 90% of the Sun-Earth distance to over 4 times that distance. Due to this, among other factors, the asteroid remained undiscovered until its 2018 approach. It is almost always dimmer than magnitude 23, dimmer than most asteroid surveys can detect. During August–October 2013 it approached within ~0.3 AU of Earth and became as bright as magnitude 22.4, still rather dimmer than most survey-discovered asteroids, and it was not noticed.

2018 Approach

On its approach to Earth in 2018, 2018 AH had recently passed perihelion and was moving outwards on its orbit. It therefore approached from roughly the direction of the Sun, where it was undetectable to ground-based optical observations. It reached its closest point to Earth at only 45 degrees from the Sun. It was discovered at a more observable elongation of 129 degrees and at a magnitude of 15.7, and was quickly followed up over the next several days due to its brightness. 2018 AH remained brighter than magnitude 23 until late February 2018, and once more became mostly unobservable until its next Earth approach in December 2021.

2018 AH passed unusually close for such a bright asteroid, at an absolute magnitude of 22.5 (making it approximately 84–190 meters across).[4] The largest asteroid to pass so close to Earth in 2017 was only an absolute magnitude of 24.3 (or about 31–91 meters). Since 1900, the only asteroids larger than 2018 AH known to pass closer than it to Earth are listed below:

Asteroid diameters marked in italics have had their size directly measured.

Designation Date Distance
(thousand km) 		H Diameter
(meters)
Tunguska asteroid 1908-06-30 Impact ~23? 60–190
(152680) 1998 KJ9 1914-12-31 232.9 19.4 279–900
2002 JE9 1971-04-11 237.0 21.2 122–393
2018 AH 2018-01-02 297.0 22.5 84–190
(153814) 2001 WN5 2028-06-26 248.7 18.3 921–943
99942 Apophis 2029-04-13 37.8 19.7 310–340
(308635) 2005 YU55 2075-11-08 228.1 21.9 320–400
(456938) 2007 YV56 2101-01-02 238.8 21.0 133–431
(153201) 2000 WO107 2140-12-01 243.6 19.3 427–593
(85640) 1998 OX4 2148-01-22 296.2 21.1 127–411
H < 23 asteroids passing less than 1 LD from Earth
Asteroid Date Nominal approach distance (LD) Min. distance (LD) Max. distance (LD) Absolute magnitude (H) Size (meters)
(152680) 1998 KJ9 1914-12-31 0.606 0.604 0.608 19.4 279–900
(458732) 2011 MD5 1918-09-17 0.911 0.909 0.913 17.9 556–1795
(163132) 2002 CU11 1925-08-30 0.903 0.901 0.905 18.5 443–477
2002 JE9 1971-04-11 0.616 0.587 0.651 21.2 122–393
2013 UG1 1976-10-17 0.854 0.853 0.855 22.3 73–237
2012 TY52 1981-11-04 0.818 0.813 0.823 21.4 111–358
2017 VW13 2001-11-08 0.454 0.318 3.436 20.7 153–494
(308635) 2005 YU55 2011-11-08 0.845 0.845 0.845 21.9 320–400
2018 AH 2018-01-02 0.773 0.772 0.773 22.5 67–216
(153814) 2001 WN5 2028-06-26 0.647 0.647 0.647 18.2 921–943
99942 Apophis 2029-04-13 0.0981 0.0963 0.1000 19.7 310–340
2015 XJ351 2047-06-06 0.789 0.251 38.135 22.4 70–226
2005 WY55 2065-05-28 0.865 0.856 0.874 20.7 153–494
(308635) 2005 YU55 2075-11-08 0.592 0.499 0.752 21.9 320–400
(456938) 2007 YV56 2101-01-02 0.621 0.615 0.628 21.0 133–431
2007 UW1 2129-10-19 0.239 0.155 0.381 22.7 61–197
101955 Bennu 2135-09-25 0.780 0.308 1.406 20.19 472–512
(153201) 2000 WO107 2140-12-01 0.634 0.631 0.637 19.3 427–593
2009 DO111 2146-03-23 0.896 0.744 1.288 22.8 58–188
(85640) 1998 OX4 2148-01-22 0.771 0.770 0.771 21.1 127–411
2007 UY1 2156-02-13 0.685 0.652 6.856 22.9 56–179
2011 LT17 2156-12-16 0.998 0.955 1.215 21.6 101–327

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "2018 AH". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  2. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 AH)" (2018-02-18 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  3. ^ "Asteroid Size Estimator". CNEOS NASA/JPL. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Large asteroid 2018 AH flew past Earth at 0.77 LD, 2 days before discovery". The Watchers – Daily news service | Watchers.NEWS. The Watchers. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  5. ^ "MPEC 2022-A26 : 2018 AH". Minor Planet Center. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c "Horizons Batch for 2021-Dec-27 13:09 UT". JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.

External links

  • MPEC 2018-A23 : 2018 AH, Minor Planet Electronic Circular, 6 January 2018
  • Tweet about asteroid 2018 AH, Minor Planet Center
  • 2018 AH at NeoDyS-2, Near Earth Objects—Dynamic Site
    • Ephemerides · Observation prediction · Orbital info · MOID · Proper elements · Observational info · Close approaches · Physical info · Orbit animation
  • 2018 AH at the JPL Small-Body Database
    • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters
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