Grand Duchy of Kraków

Grand Duchy of Kraków Großherzogtum Krakau Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie
Grand Duchy of Austria (Austria-Hungary)
1846–1918
Flag Coat of arms
Capital	Kraków (Krakau, Cracow)
Area
50°4′N 19°56′E / 50.067°N 19.933°E / 50.067; 19.933
Government
Grand Duke of Kraków
• 1846–48	Ferdinand I
• 1848–1916	Franz Joseph I
• 1916–18	Karl I
Historical era	Modern Age
• Free City	May 3, 1815
• Annexed	November 16, 1846
• Ausgleich	1867
• Collapse of Austria-Hungary	October 31, 1918
• Treaty of St Germain	September 10, 1919
Preceded by Succeeded by Free City of Cracow Second Polish Republic
1 Also the Emperor of Austria.

The Grand Duchy of Kraków^[1][2] (German: Großherzogtum Krakau; Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie) was created after the incorporation of the Free City of Cracow into Austria on November 16, 1846. From 1846 to 1918 the title, Grand Duke of Kraków, was part of the official titulary of the Emperor of Austria.^{[citation needed]}

National symbols

The Grand Duchy of Kraków had its own coat of arms - a white eagle on a red background with the coat of arms of the city on the chest, but it was practically not used. It was similar with the flag of the Grand Duchy, consisting of three horizontal stripes: yellow, blue and white.^[3] In Juliusz Kossak's painting entitled The Emperor's Entry into Kraków^[4] and depicting the greeting of Emperor Franz Joseph by the inhabitants of Kraków, the flags with which the city was decorated are clearly visible: black and yellow flags of Austria, white and blue city flags of Kraków (former flag of the Free City of Kraków) and a red and white national flag. The flag of the Grand Duchy is not among them.

The separateness of these lands from the rest of Galicia was also visible in the titles of the Austrian emperor. As early as August 9, 1806, the Habsburgs adopted the title of "Grand Duke of Kraków" (Großherzog von Krakau) alongside "King of Galicia and Lodomeria".^[5] This title was held by four monarchs: Francis II , Ferdinand I , Franz Joseph I and Charles I. In the case of Francis II, however, it was a purely fictitious title referring to something that did not yet exist during his reign and was probably intended to legitimize the seizure of Polish lands by Austria in the Third Partition, the more so that the ruler also adopted other "empty" titles, such as: "Duke of Sandomierz", "Lublin", "Masovia", covering the territories incorporated into Austria during the Third Partition of Poland.

History

The Free City, a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw, had been made a protectorate, however functionally independent, as a result of the Congress of Vienna (1815). It was under Prussian, Austrian, and Russian trilateral influence until, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising, it was annexed by the Austrian Empire in 1846.^[6]

At the same time the official name of the Austrian administrative entity containing approximately Galicia, and some Polish areas west of it, was changed to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator.

These entities (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Kraków, Duchy of Auschwitz, and Duchy of Zator) were formally separate; they were listed each in the Austrian emperor's titles, each had its distinct coat of arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province.

The Duchy had its own local government, the Governorate Commission (Polish: Komisja Gubernialna).

Notes

References

• Alfred Regele: Die Einverleibung des Freistaates Krakau 1846. Ungedr. Diss., Wien 1951