Kosmos 936

Soviet spacecraft aimed at biological experiments in space

Kosmos 936 / Bion 4
Conception of Bion 4 in orbit
NamesБион 4
Bion 4
Biocosmos 4
Biokosmos 4
Mission typeBioscience
OperatorInstitute of Biomedical Problems
COSPAR ID1977-074A [1]
SATCAT no.10172
Mission duration19.5 days
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftBion 4
Spacecraft typeBion
BusZenit
ManufacturerTsSKB
Launch mass4,000 kg (8,800 lb) [1]
Start of mission
Launch date3 August 1977, 14:01:00 UTC
RocketSoyuz-U 11A511U
s/n D15000-113
Launch sitePlesetsk, Site 43/3
ContractorTsSKB
End of mission
Recovered bySoviet Space Forces
Landing date22 August 1977, 01:05 UTC
Landing site51°53′N 61°30′E / 51.883°N 61.500°E / 51.883; 61.500 (Bion 4 spashdown)
near Kustanay, Kazakhstan, Soviet Union[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[3]
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Perigee altitude224 km (139 mi)
Apogee altitude419 km (260 mi)
Inclination62.80°
Period90.70 minutes
Bion programme
← Bion 3
Bion 5 →
 

Kosmos 936 or Bion 4 (Бион 4, Космос 936) was a Bion satellite.[4] The mission involved nine countries in a series of biomedical research experiments. The experiments were primarily follow-ups to the Bion 3 (Kosmos 782) flight. Scientists from the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted experiments in physics and biology on the mission.[1]

Spacecraft

The spacecraft was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.[1]

Launch

Kosmos 936 was launched on 3 August 1977, at 14:01:00 UTC by a Soyuz-U launch vehicle from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The mission ended after 19.5 days.[1]

Mission

Artificial gravity experiment that was flown on Bion 4.

The mission was to conduct various biological studies, continuing the Bion 3 mission experiments. He had two centrifuges on board to put some specimens in an artificial gravity environment. An attempt was made to differentiate, using rats, between the effects caused by space flight itself from those caused by stress. The effects of flight on muscle and bone, on red cell survival, and on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were also studied, and an experiment with rats on the effects of space radiation on the retina was conducted.

One of the instruments (without a biological part) studied the physical parameters of the components of space radiation. Fruit flies were used in genetics and aging studies. A group of rats of the Rattus norvegicus species were sent, with an average weight of 215 g (7.6 oz) at launch and 62 days of age. Twenty of the rats experienced microgravity and the other ten were subjected to the artificial gravity of the centrifuge.

See also

  • Spaceflight portal

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Display: BION-4 1977-074A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ "Bion". Archived from the original on 20 August 2002. Retrieved 28 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Encyclopedia Astronautica Retrieved 16 January 2021
  3. ^ "Trajectory: BION-4 1977-074A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ "Cosmos 936". NASA ARC. 3 August 1977. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Bibliography

  • Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed., Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
  • Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed., Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
  • "Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996
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Bion/Bion-M satellites
Bion precursor flight
Bion flights
Bion-M
(Kosmos number in brackets)
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Orbital launches in 1977
  • Kosmos 888
  • Meteor-2 No.2
  • Kosmos 889
  • Kosmos 890
  • NATO 3B
  • Kosmos 891
  • OPS 3151
  • Soyuz 24
  • Kosmos 892
  • Molniya-2-17
  • Kosmos 893
  • Tansei 3
  • Kosmos 894
  • Unnamed
  • Kiku 2
  • Kosmos 895
  • Kosmos 896
  • Kosmos 897
  • Palapa A2
  • OPS 4915
  • Kosmos 898
  • Molniya-1-36
  • Kosmos 899
  • Kosmos 900
  • Meteor-M No.39
  • Kosmos 901
  • Kosmos 902
  • Kosmos 903
  • Kosmos 904
  • GEOS-1
  • Kosmos 905
  • Kosmos 906
  • Molniya-3 No.19
  • Kosmos 907
  • OPS 9437
  • OPS 9438
  • Kosmos 908
  • Kosmos 909
  • Kosmos 910
  • OPS 9751
  • Kosmos 911
  • Kosmos 912
  • Intelsat IVA F-4
  • Kosmos 913
  • Kosmos 914
  • OPS 5644
  • Kosmos 915
  • Kosmos 916
  • Kosmos 917
  • GOES 2
  • Signe 3
  • Kosmos 918
  • Kosmos 919
  • Kosmos 920
  • NTS-2
  • Molniya-1 No.45
  • Kosmos 921
  • OPS 4800
  • Meteor-Priroda No.2-2
  • Kosmos 922
  • Kosmos 923
  • Kosmos 924
  • Kosmos 925
  • Kosmos 926
  • Kosmos 927
  • Kosmos 928
  • Himawari 1
  • Kosmos 929
  • Kosmos 930
  • Kosmos 931
  • Kosmos 932
  • Kosmos 933
  • Gran' No.13L
  • Kosmos 934
  • Kosmos 935
  • Kosmos 936
  • TKS-VA No.009P
  • TKS-VA No.009A
  • Unnamed
  • HEAO-1
  • Voyager 2
  • Kosmos 937
  • Kosmos 938
  • Kosmos 939
  • Kosmos 940
  • Kosmos 941
  • Kosmos 942
  • Kosmos 943
  • Kosmos 944
  • Kosmos 945
  • Kosmos 946
  • Sirio 1
  • Kosmos 947
  • Molniya-1-38
  • Kosmos 948
  • Voyager 1
  • Kosmos 949
  • Kosmos 950
  • Kosmos 951
  • OTS-1
  • Kosmos 952
  • Kosmos 953
  • Kosmos 954
  • Kosmos 955
  • Ekran No.12L
  • Prognoz 6
  • OPS 7471
  • Kosmos 956
  • Interkosmos 17
  • Salyut 6
  • Intelsat IVA F-5
  • Kosmos 957
  • Soyuz 25
  • Kosmos 958
  • Kosmos 959
  • ISEE-1
  • ISEE-2
  • Kosmos 960
  • Kosmos 961
  • Molniya-3 No.18
  • Transat
  • Kosmos 962
  • Meteosat 1
  • Kosmos 963
  • Unnamed
  • Kosmos 964
  • Kosmos 965
  • OPS 8781
  • OPS 8781 SSU-1
  • OPS 8781 SSU-2
  • OPS 8781 SSU-3
  • Soyuz 26
  • OPS 4258
  • Kosmos 966
  • Kosmos 967
  • Meteor-2 No.3
  • Sakura 1
  • Kosmos 968
  • Kosmos 969
  • Kosmos 970
  • Kosmos 971
  • Kosmos 972
  • Kosmos 973
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).


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