List of African American newspapers in Louisiana

Inaugural issue of The Louisianian from December 1870.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Louisiana. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

The first African American newspaper in Louisiana was L'Union, a French-language newspaper launched in 1862.[1][2] The first daily African American newspaper in Louisiana, and in the entire country, came two years later with La Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans.[3][4]

Notably, although the Louisiana Creole people were not considered Black until after the Civil War, the history of African American newspapers in Louisiana is sometimes considered to begin with the New Orleans Daily Creole, a Creole pro-slavery newspaper launched in 1856. However, scholars of the African American press generally exclude the Daily Creole.[5][3]

Although L'Union was the first African American newspaper in Louisiana, it was not the state's first African American periodical: starting in 1843 a successful African American literary magazine was published in New Orleans, titled L'Album Litteraire, Journal des Jeunes Gens.[4]

Many African American newspapers are published in Louisiana today; they are highlighted in green in the list below. The oldest such newspaper still in publication is The Shreveport Sun, established in 1920.[6]

Newspapers

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks
Alexandria The Louisiana Baptist 1800s[7] ?[7] Weekly[7]
  • LCCN sn87091092
  • OCLC 16917664
  • Attested from at least 1901.[7]
Alexandria
  • Alexandria News Leader[9]
  • Alexandria News Weekly[10]
 1963[10] 1999[8] Weekly[10]
  • LCCN sn83026442, sn88064703
  • OCLC 18887798, 10253370
  • Edited by C.J. Bell.[10]
Baton Rouge The Capital City Weekly 1946[11] 1900s[11] Weekly[11]
  • LCCN sn89059343
  • OCLC 20366365
Baton Rouge The Baton Rouge Chronicle 1993?[12] ?[12] Monthly[12]
  • OCLC 30775670
  • Published by Leonard A. Black. Edited by H. Louis Author.[12]
Baton Rouge
  • Baton Rouge Community Leader[13]
  • Baton Rouge News Leader[14]
  • Community Leader[15]
  • News Leader[16]
  • The Community Leader[17]
  • Weekly Leader[18]
 1952[15] ? Weekly[15]
  • LCCN sn84024002, sn84024003, sn88064154, sn88064192, sn89059304
  • OCLC 10265464, 10265470, 17502254, 20110062, 3393220
  • Attested through at least 1982.[18]
Baton Rouge Eagle Dispatch 1900s[19] ?[19] Weekly[19]
  • LCCN sn99063225
  • OCLC 41890961
  • Attested from at least 1930.[19]
Baton Rouge The Eagle Dispatch 1923?[20] ?[20] Weekly[20]
  • Edited by W.S. Boswell.[20]
Baton Rouge The Baton Rouge Examiner 1983[21] 1984?[21] Monthly[21]
  • Edited by Kermit Thomas.[21]
Baton Rouge The Grand Era 1870[22] 1877[22] Weekly[22]
  • LCCN sn85034234
  • OCLC 12597843
  • Edited by J. Henri Burch around 1875.[23]
Baton Rouge The Greater Baton Rouge Metro 1983[24] 1986?[24] Weekly[24]
  • Edited by Kermit R. Thomas (1984–1985) and by Lee T. Wesley (1985).[24]
Baton Rouge The Baton Rouge Herald 1960[25] 1961[25] Weekly[25]
  • LCCN sn89059382
  • OCLC 20384110
Baton Rouge The Observer 1899[26] 1900[26] Weekly[26]
  • LCCN 2014254009, sn83016560
  • OCLC 851187461, 9907976
Baton Rouge Baton Rouge Post 1937[27] ?[27] Weekly[27]
  • LCCN sn88064129
  • OCLC 17499960
Baton Rouge Baton Rouge Post 1983[29] 2007[28] Irregular[29] or weekly[28]
  • LCCN sn88064185
  • OCLC 17554084
  • Not to be confused with current online newspaper of same title.
Baton Rouge The Southern Digest ?[30] current Weekly during Southern University fall, spring and summer semesters[30]
  • LCCN sn2001061845
  • OCLC 48498507
  • ISSN 1540-7276
  • Official site
Baton Rouge Weekly Press 1980s[31] current Weekly[31]
  • LCCN sn89059311, sn89059312
  • OCLC 20362228, 20362251
  • Official site
Grambling Spectrum 1991?[32] ? Bimonthly newspaper[32]
  • OCLC 28349778
  • Published by Ezil Bibbs Jr. [32]
Lafayette Lafayette News Leader 1970?[34] 1900s[33] Weekly[34]
  • LCCN sn84024001
  • OCLC 10265442, 17747589
  • Attested through at least 1973.[34]
Lafayette The Rising Seed 1989[35] 1993[35] Monthly[35]
  • OCLC 28390117
  • Published and edited by Takuna Maulanae Shabazz.[35]
Lake Charles Lake Charles News Leader 1966[36] 1973[36] Weekly[36]
  • LCCN sn84024009
  • OCLC 10265539, 2293239
Monroe
  • The Monroe Broadcast[37]
  • The Southern Broadcast[38]
 1932[38] ?[37] Weekly[37]
  • LCCN sn92060455, sn94086225
  • OCLC 27085729, 32324819
  • Attested through at least 1937.[37]
Monroe The Monroe Dispatch 1971[39] or 1975[40] current Weekly[39]
  • LCCN sn89059356
  • OCLC 20378041
  • Official site
  • Published by F.J. DeTeige.[39] Edited by Irma Hall DeTeige.
Monroe
  • Black Free Press[41]
  • Free Press[42]
  • Rapping Black (1969–1973)[43]
 1969 current Weekly[42]
  • LCCN sn89059050, sn89059470
  • OCLC 19285563, 20795308
  • Rapping Black:
    • LCCN sn89059469
    • OCLC 20795296
  • Official site
  • Founded by Roosevelt Wright, Jr., initially as a flyer to spread news about the local civil rights movement.[44]
Monroe / Baton Rouge (1968–1973)[46] Monroe News Leader 1963?[45] ?[45] Weekly[45]
  • LCCN sn84024015
  • OCLC 10282654, 2465145
New Orleans The New Orleans Advocate 1866[47] 1869[47] Weekly[47]
  • LCCN sn86079014, sn97016095
  • OCLC 13022524, 37215426
New Orleans The Black PAC Epitaph 1970s[48] ?[48]
  • LCCN sn89059227
  • OCLC 19718168
  • Attested at least from 1972.[48]
New Orleans The Black Republican 1865[50] 1865[49] Weekly[50]
  • LCCN 2011254251, sn83016563
  • OCLC 264072, 607384769, 9908183
  • Published by the Black Republican Newspaper Association.[50]
New Orleans The Carrollton Advocate 1970[51] 1970[51] Irregular[51]
  • LCCN sn89059219
  • OCLC 19718158
New Orleans The Crusader 1889[52] 1890s[52] Weekly[52]
  • LCCN 2017225079, sn98062573
  • OCLC 1000055678, 2636838
New Orleans The Crusader 1889[53] 1891[53] or 1898[52] Weekly[53]
  • LCCN sn83016562
  • OCLC 9908127
New Orleans The Daily Crusader 1891[54] 1896[54] Daily[54]
  • LCCN sn89059185
  • OCLC 19643548
New Orleans The Daily Spokesman 1914[55] 1900s[55] Daily[55]
  • LCCN sn89059232
  • OCLC 19718182
New Orleans
  • Black Data Newsweekly[56]
  • Data[57]
  • Data Newsweekly[58]
  • New Orleans Data News Weekly[59]
 1967[57] current Weekly[59] or biweekly[57]
  • LCCN sn89007183, sn89059281, sn89059282, sn89059283, sn89059284, sn8907183
  • OCLC 10903348, 19986548, 19986553, 6347836, 8107743
  • ISSN 1043-4445
  • Official site
New Orleans Le Dimanche 1861[60] 1876[60] Weekly[60]
  • LCCN sn83016654
  • OCLC 9961481
  • Published by Theard and Trosclair.[60]
  • In French.[61]
  • Status as an African American newspaper contested due to its support of white supremacy.[5]
New Orleans The Free South 1868[62] ?[62] Weekly[62]
  • OCLC 14288863
  • Published by W.P. Allen.[62]
New Orleans The New Orleans Herald 1925[63] 1925[63] Biweekly[63]
  • LCCN sn89059061
  • OCLC 19320897
New Orleans The Hope for the Future 1969[64] ?[64] Unknown[64]
  • OCLC 28349986
New Orleans
  • New Orleans Informer And Sentinel[66]
  • New Orleans Informer and Sentinel[65]
 1940[65] ?[65] Weekly[65]
  • LCCN sn87091049
  • OCLC 16882170
  • Attested through at least 1944.[66]
New Orleans Inside New Orleans 1964[67] ?[67] Weekly[67]
  • LCCN 2012254027, sn89059111
  • OCLC 19533770, 664611250
  • ISSN 2642-6390, 2642-6404
New Orleans
  • L'Union[69]
  • Le Union: Journal Politique, Litteraire et Progressiste[68]
  • The Union (1863–1864)[69]
 1862[68] 1864[68] Triweekly[68]
  • LCCN sn83026401, 2013254046
  • OCLC 811645304, 2789487, 2789618, 990651, 9990651
  • First African American newspaper in Louisiana.[1]
  • In French until July 1863; then in French and English.[69] The English edition differed greatly from the French, and did not include the literary material from the French edition.[70]
New Orleans The Louisiana Weekly 1925[71] current Weekly[71]
  • LCCN sn83045291, sn94080289
  • OCLC 10537986, 2263695, 32193331
  • ISSN 2641-0753
  • Official site
New Orleans National Negro Voice 1924[72] ?[72] Monthly newspaper[73]
  • LCCN sn93059229
  • OCLC 27762656
  • Published by R.A. Flynn.[72]
  • Attested through at least 1931.[72]
New Orleans The Negro Gazette 1872[74] 1872[74] Weekly[74]
  • LCCN sn93059225
  • OCLC 27743804
  • "Published every Saturday morning during the presidential campaign."[74]
New Orleans The Plain Truth Of New Orleans 1969[75] 1970[75] Bimonthly newspaper[75]
  • LCCN sn89059088
  • OCLC 7366271
New Orleans The Republican Courier 1899[76] 1900[76] Weekly[76]
  • LCCN sn83016564
  • OCLC 2806334, 9908251
New Orleans The Louisiana Republican 1881[77] 1882[77] Weekly[77]
  • LCCN sn89059142
  • OCLC 19537223
  • In English and French.[77]
New Orleans New Orleans Sentinel 1940[78] 1940s[78] Weekly[78]
  • LCCN sn93062832, sn94081613
  • OCLC 27322252, 32229781
New Orleans The Sepia Socialite 1937[79] 1945[79] Weekly[79]
  • LCCN sn89059245, sn94081612
  • OCLC 19750471, 32229657
New Orleans Southern Republican 1898[80] 1907[80] Weekly[80]
  • LCCN sn83016561
  • OCLC 2806297, 9908065
  • Edited by Joseph LeBlanc.[80]
New Orleans Southwestern Advocate 1873[81] 1876[81] Biweekly[81]
  • LCCN 2018203277, sn83026418, sn97016096
  • OCLC 10123906, 681748961, 9235621
  • ISSN 2638-9819, 2638-9827
  • Published for the Methodist Episcopal Church of Louisiana.[81]
New Orleans Southwestern Christian Advocate 1877[82] 1929[82] Weekly[82]
  • LCCN 2018203278, sn83026416, sn97016097
  • OCLC 10123905, 192107532, 9235542
  • ISSN 2639-0124, 2639-0132
New Orleans The Spectator 1982[83] 1983[83] Weekly[83]
  • LCCN sn89059290
  • OCLC 19997185
New Orleans
  • La Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans
  • New Orleans Tribune
 1864[84] 1870?[84] Daily from 1864 to 1869[85]
  • LCCN sn83016710, 2013254341
  • OCLC 664617546, 13547679, 18544769, 2772145, 9998448
  • First African American daily newspaper in the United States.[3]
  • In English and French.[86]
New Orleans
1870[87] 1882[87] Weekly[87] or twice weekly[89]
  • LCCN sn83016630, sn83016631, sn83016632, 2013218552, 2013254350
  • OCLC 664618036, 827279530, 10790970, 2774211, 9957021, 9957091, 9957300
  • ISSN 2378-0398, 2326-6317, 2326-6287, 2326-6309, 2378-038X
  • Free online archive: Semi-weekly Louisianian, The Weekly Louisianian, The Louisianian
New Orleans The Weekly Pelican 1886[90] 1889[90] Weekly[90]
  • LCCN 2013254359, sn83016655
  • OCLC 2775197, 849430601, 9961600
  • Edited by John L. Minor.[90]
Plaquemine The Fraternal Herald 1930[91] ?[91] Weekly[91]
  • Published by Tabernacle Herald Publishing House.[91]
Plaquemine New Orleans Broadcast - Fraternal Herald 1934[92] ?[92] Weekly[92]
Ponchatoula The Drum 1980s[93] current Weekly[93]
  • LCCN sn90056024
  • OCLC 21188856
  • ISSN 1937-2019
  • Official site
  • Free online archive
Scotlandville Baton Rouge Scotland Press 1970s[94] 1980s[94] Weekly[94]
  • LCCN sn91099503
  • OCLC 23960369
Shreveport Shreveport Afro-American 1920s[95] ? Weekly[95]
  • LCCN sn88064501
  • OCLC 18122587
  • Attested through at least 1932.[95]
Shreveport Councilor 1962[96] 1981[96] Monthly newspaper[96]
  • LCCN sn78001655
  • OCLC 1644635
  • ISSN 0010-9991
Shreveport
1920[98] current Weekly[99]
  • LCCN sn89059440, sn83045388, sn89059439
  • OCLC 20606941, 9447422, 20606995, 8660431
  • Official site
  • Founded by Melvin Lee Collins, Sr.[6]
St. Martinville
  • The Echo
  • L'écho
 1872[100] 1878[100] Weekly[100]
  • ISSN 2641-8142
  • LCCN sn83027096, 2011254362
  • OCLC 747984637, 10028714
  • Published by J.F. Penne.[100]
  • "Official journal of the Parish of St. Martin."[101]
  • In English and French.[101]
Thibodaux The Lafourche Monitor 1905?[102] ?[102] Twice monthly[102]
  • Published by Knights and Ladies of Honor of America. Edited by C.H. Ballard.[102]
  • Attested through at least 1936.[102]
Vidalia The Concordia Eagle 1873[103] 1890[103] Weekly[103]
  • LCCN 2011254357, sn83016716
  • OCLC 10024403, 2636996, 747741841
  • ISSN 2163-7040
  • Free online archive
  • Published by David Young.[103]

See also

Works cited

  • Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
  • Davis, Thomas J. (1983). "Louisiana". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.
  • Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN 9780882581927.
  • Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578593699.

References

  1. ^ a b Davis 1983, p. 151.
  2. ^ Smith 2012, p. 409.
  3. ^ a b c Fay, Robert (1999). "The Story of the African American Press". The Crisis.
  4. ^ a b Pride & Wilson 1997, p. 75.
  5. ^ a b Davis 1983, p. 162.
  6. ^ a b The Shreveport Sun. "The Newsroom". Retrieved 2020-02-06. The oldest black newspaper in Louisiana that is still in existence is the Shreveport Sun. The Sun was first published in Shreveport on November 6, 1920 by Melvin Lee Collins, Sr.
  7. ^ a b c d "About The Louisiana Baptist. (Alexandria, La.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  8. ^ "About Alexandria news weekly. (Alexandria, La.) 1976-1999". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  9. ^ "About Alexandria news leader. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1963-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  10. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 33, ¶ 332.
  11. ^ a b c "About The capital city weekly. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1946-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  12. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 632.
  13. ^ "About Baton Rouge community leader. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1977-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  14. ^ "About Baton Rouge news leader. [volume] (Baton Rouge, La.) 1971-1977". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  15. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 169, ¶ 1759.
  16. ^ "About News leader. [volume] (Baton Rouge, La.) 1952-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  17. ^ "About The community leader. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1982-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  18. ^ a b "About Weekly leader. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1952-1952". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  19. ^ a b c d "About Eagle dispatch. (Baton Rouge, La.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  20. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 202, ¶ 2109.
  21. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 633.
  22. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 255, ¶ 2676.
  23. ^ "About The grand era. [volume] (Baton Rouge, La.) 1870-1877". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  24. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 257, ¶ 2690.
  25. ^ a b c "About The Baton Rouge herald. ([Baton Rouge, La.) 1960-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  26. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 437, ¶ 4553.
  27. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 634.
  28. ^ a b "About Baton Rouge post. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1983-2007". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  29. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 635.
  30. ^ a b "About The southern digest. (Baton Rouge, La.) ????-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  31. ^ a b "About Weekly press. (Baton Rouge, La.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  32. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 534, ¶ 5567.
  33. ^ "About Lafayette news leader. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  34. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 330, ¶ 3460.
  35. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 494, ¶ 5159.
  36. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 331, ¶ 3463.
  37. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3888.
  38. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5492.
  39. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3889.
  40. ^ "About The Monroe dispatch. (Monroe, La.) 1975-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  41. ^ "About Black free press. (Monroe, La.) 1973-1974". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  42. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 237, ¶ 2483.
  43. ^ "About Rapping Black. (Monroe, La.) 1969-1973". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  44. ^ Monroe Free Press. "About Us". Retrieved 2020-02-06. Monroe Free Press began in 1969 as information outlet of the local Civil Rights Movement. It was a single sheet flier distributed to inform residents about stores that discriminated against blacks, those that were equal opportunity and announced meetings, rallies and demonstration plans. In December of 1969 the flier was called the "Rapping Black" and changed over the years to its present name "Monroe Free Press."
  45. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3890.
  46. ^ "About Monroe news leader. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  47. ^ a b c "About The New Orleans advocate. [microfilm reel] (New Orleans [La.]) 1866-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  48. ^ a b c "About The Black PAC epitaph. (New Orleans, La.) 197?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  49. ^ "About The black Republican. [online resource] (New Orleans [La.]) 1865-1865". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  50. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 96, ¶ 989.
  51. ^ a b c "About The Carrollton advocate. (New Orleans, La.) 1970-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  52. ^ a b c d "About The Crusader. (New Orleans, La.) 1889-1898". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  53. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 181, ¶ 1887.
  54. ^ a b c "About The Daily crusader. (New Orleans [La.]) 1891-1896". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  55. ^ a b c "About The daily spokesman. (New Orleans, La.) 1914-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  56. ^ "About Black data newsweekly. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1980-1984". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  57. ^ a b c "About Data. ([New Orleans, La.]) 1967-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  58. ^ "About Data newsweekly. (New Orleans, La.) 1984-1986". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  59. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 411, ¶ 4280.
  60. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 195, ¶ 2037.
  61. ^ "About Le dimanche. [volume] (Nouvelle-Orléans [i.e. New Orleans, La.]) 1861-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  62. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 237, ¶ 2485.
  63. ^ a b c "About The New Orleans herald. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1925-1925". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  64. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 280, ¶ 2934.
  65. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 411, ¶ 4281.
  66. ^ a b "About New Orleans informer and sentinel. (New Orleans, La.) 194?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  67. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 299, ¶ 3152.
  68. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 576, ¶ 6023.
  69. ^ a b c "About L'Union. [online resource] (Nouvelle-Orléans [La.]) 1862-1864". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  70. ^ Davis 1983, p. 155.
  71. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 347, ¶ 3637.
  72. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 392, ¶ 4088.
  73. ^ "About National Negro voice. (New Orleans, La.) 1924-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  74. ^ a b c d "About The Negro gazette. (New Orleans [La.]) 1872-1872". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  75. ^ a b c "About The Plain truth of New Orleans. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1969-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  76. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5109.
  77. ^ a b c d "About The Louisiana Republican. [volume] (Nouvelle Orleans [i.e. New Orleans, La.]) 1881-1882". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  78. ^ a b c "About New Orleans sentinel. (New Orleans, La.) 1940-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  79. ^ a b c "About The sepia socialite. (New Orleans, La.) 1937-1945". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  80. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5518.
  81. ^ a b c d "About Southwestern advocate. [online resource] (New Orleans, La.) 1873-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  82. ^ a b c "About Southwestern Christian advocate. [online resource] (New Orleans, LA) 1877-1929". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  83. ^ a b c "About The Spectator. (New Orleans, La.) 1982-1983". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  84. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 412, ¶ 4286.
  85. ^ "About Tribune de la Nlle-Orleans. (Nouvelle-Orleans, [La.]) 1864-187?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  86. ^ "About New Orleans tribune. [online resource] (New Orleans [La.]) 1864-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  87. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6342.
  88. ^ "About The Louisianian. [online resource] (New Orleans, La.) 1870-1871". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  89. ^ a b "About Semi-weekly Louisianian. [online resource] (New Orleans, La.) 1871-1872". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  90. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6348.
  91. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 236, ¶ 2472.
  92. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 411, ¶ 4278.
  93. ^ a b "About The drum. (Ponchatoula, La.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  94. ^ a b c "About Baton Rouge Scotland press. ([Scotlandville, La.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  95. ^ a b c "About Shreveport Afro-American. (Shreveport, La.) 192?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  96. ^ a b c "About Councilor. [volume] (Shreveport, La.) 1962-1981". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  97. ^ "About The Shreveport sun and Bis news. (Shreveport, La.) 1964-1966". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  98. ^ "About The Shreveport sun. (Shreveport, La.) 1920-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  99. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 515, ¶ 5383.
  100. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 205, ¶ 2142.
  101. ^ a b "About The echo. [online resource] (St. Martinsville [i.e. St. Martinville] La.) 1872-1878". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  102. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 330, ¶ 3461.
  103. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 171, ¶ 1780.
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