List of potentially habitable exoplanets

Overview of potentially habitable terrestrial exoplanets
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This is a list of potentially habitable exoplanets. The list is mostly based on estimates of habitability by the Habitable Exoplanets Catalog (HEC), and data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive. The HEC is maintained by the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo.[1] There is also a speculative list being developed of superhabitable planets.

Surface planetary habitability is thought to require an orbit at the right distance from the host star for liquid surface water to be present, in addition to various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, atmospheric density, radiation type and intensity, and the host star's plasma environment.[2]

List

This is a list of exoplanets within the circumstellar habitable zone that are under 10 Earth masses and smaller than 2.5 Earth radii, and thus have a chance of being rocky.[3][1] Note that inclusion on this list does not guarantee habitability, and in particular the larger planets are unlikely to have a rocky composition.[4] Earth is included for comparison.

Note that mass and radius values prefixed with "~" have not been measured, but are estimated from a mass-radius relationship.

Object Star Star type Mass (M⊕) Radius (R⊕) Density (g/cm3) Flux (F⊕) Teq (K) Period (days) Distance (ly) Refs/Notes
Earth Sun G2V 1.00 1.00 5.514 1.00 255 365.25 0 Reported for reference. Only planet known to support life.[3]
Teegarden's Star b Teegarden's Star M7V ≥1.05 ~1.02 — 1.15 264 4.91 12.5 Radius is estimated[5][6]
TOI-700 d TOI-700 M2V ~1.72 1.14 — 0.87 246 37.4 101
TOI-715 b TOI-715 M4 – 1.55 – 0.67 234 19.29 137 [7]
Kepler-1649c Kepler-1649 M5V ~1.20 1.06 — 0.75 237 19.5 301 [8]
TRAPPIST-1d TRAPPIST-1 M8V 0.39 0.78 3.39 1.12 258 4.05 41 Confirmed to be rocky[9][10]
Luyten b Luyten's Star M3V ≥2.89 ~1.35 — 1.06 258 18.65 12.3 [11]
LP 890-9 c LP 890-9 M6V — 1.37 — 0.91 272 8.46 105 [12]
K2-72e K2-72 M?V ~2.21 1.29 — 1.30 261 24.2 217 [13]
GJ 1061 d GJ 1061 M5V ≥1.64 ~1.16 — 0.69 218 13.0 12
GJ 1002 b GJ 1002 M5V ≥1.08 ~1.03 — 0.67 231 10.3 15.8 [14]
GJ 1061 c GJ 1061 M5V ≥1.74 ~1.18 — 1.45 275 6.7 12
Kepler-296e Kepler-296 K7V ~2.96 1.52 — 1.00 276 34.1 737 [1][15]
Wolf 1069 b Wolf 1069 M5V ≥1.26 ~1.08 — 0.65 250 15.6 31.2 [16]
TRAPPIST-1e TRAPPIST-1 M8V 0.69 0.92 5.65 0.65 230 6.1 41 Confirmed to be rocky[9][10]
Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri M5V ≥1.27 ~1.30 — 0.70 228 11.186 4.25 Affected by solar flare, possibly affected by high radiation[17]
Kepler-442b Kepler-442 K5V ~2.36 1.35 — 0.70 233 112.3 1193 [1]
Kepler-62f Kepler-62 K2V ~2.8 1.41 — 0.41 204 267.3 981 [1][18]
TRAPPIST-1f TRAPPIST-1 M8V 1.04 1.04 3.3 ± 0.9 0.37 200 9.2 41 Confirmed to be rocky[9][10]
Teegarden's Star c Teegarden's Star M7V ≥1.11 ~1.04 — 0.37 199 11.4 12.5 [5]
Kepler-1229b Kepler-1229 M?V ~2.54 1.40 — 0.32 213 86.8 865 [1]
Kepler-186f Kepler-186 M1V ~1.71 1.17 — 0.29 188 129.9 579 [1]
TRAPPIST-1g TRAPPIST-1 M8V 1.32 1.13 4.186 0.25 182 12.4 41 Confirmed to be rocky[9][10]
GJ 1002 c GJ 1002 M5V ≥1.36 1.1 — 0.26 182 21.2 15.8 [14][19]
Kepler-452b Kepler-452 G2V ~5 1.63 — 1.11 261 384.8 1799 Not confirmed[1][20][21][22][23]
Kepler-62e Kepler-62 K2V ~4.5 1.61 — 1.15 264 122.4 981 [1][24]
Kepler-1652b Kepler-1652 M?V — 1.60 — 0.84 244 38.1 822
Wolf 1061c Wolf 1061 M3V ≥3.41 ~1.60 — 1.30 271 17.9 13.8 [1]
Kepler-1410b Kepler-1410 K?V — 1.78 — 1.07 274 60.9 1196
Gliese 667 Cc Gliese 667 C M1V ≥3.81 ~1.54 — 0.88 277 28.1 23.62 [25][1]
Kepler-1544 b Kepler-1544 K2V — 1.78 — 0.84 248 168.8 1092 [1]
Kepler-283c Kepler-283 K5V — 1.82 — 0.89 248 92.7 1526 [1]
Ross 508 b Ross 508 M4V ≥4.00 — — 1.32 10.8 37 [26]
Ross 128 b Ross 128 M4V ≥1.40 ~1.80 — 1.48 280 9.87 11.0 [27]
Kepler-440b Kepler-440 K6V — 1.91 — 1.44 273 101.1 981 [1]
Gliese 433 d Gliese 433 M2V ≥5.22 — — 1.06 36.1 29.6 [1]
Kepler-1653b Kepler-1653 K?V — 2.17 — 1.04 258 140.3 2461
Kepler-705b Kepler-705 M?V — 2.11 — 0.77 243 56.1 903
K2-332b K2-332 M?V — 2.20 — 1.17 17.7 402 [1]
Kepler-155c Kepler-155 M0V — 2.24 — 1.05 52.7 957 [1]
TOI-2257 b TOI-2257 M3V — 2.20 — 0.74 35.2 188 Highly eccentric[1][28]
Kepler-443b Kepler-443 K3V — 2.35 — 0.89 247 177.7 2615 [1]
Kepler-22b Kepler-22 G5V — 2.38 — 1.10 261 289.9 635 [1][29]
Kepler-1701b Kepler-1701 K?V — 2.22 — 1.42 275 169.1 1904 [1][30]
Kepler-1606b Kepler-1606 G?V — 2.07 — 1.64 277 196.4 2710 [31]
K2-9b K2-9 M2V — 2.25 — 1.45 279 18.4 270 [1][32]
Gliese 180 c Gliese 180 M2V ≥6.40 — — 0.78 239 24.3 39 Not confirmed[1][33]
Gliese 163 c Gliese 163 M3V ≥6.80 — — 1.25 277 25.6 49 [1]
Kepler-1540b Kepler-1540 K?V — 2.49 — 0.78 250 125.4 799
Kepler-174d Kepler-174 K3V — 2.19 — 0.59 206 247.4 1254 [1]
HD 40307 g HD 40307 K2V ≥7.09 — — 0.67 226 197.8 42 Not confirmed[1][34]
Kepler-296f Kepler-296 K7V — 1.80 — 0.44 225 63.3 737 [1][35]
HIP 38594 b HIP 38594 M0V ≥8.10 — — 1.34 60.7 58 [1]
K2-288Bb K2-288 B M3V — 1.91 — 0.44 207 31.4 214
HD 216520 c HD 216520 K0V ≥9.44 — — 1.28 154.4 64 [1]
GJ 3293 d GJ 3293 M2V ≥7.60 — — 0.59 223 48.1 66 [1]
LHS 1140 b LHS 1140 M4V 5.60 1.73 5.9±0.3 0.43 226 24.7 49 Likely ocean world or dense mini-Neptune[36]
Gliese 357 d Gliese 357 M2V ≥6.10 — — 0.38 200 55.7 31
Gliese 229 Ac Gliese 229 A M1V ≥8.57 — — 0.44 216 121.9 18.8
Gliese 514 b Gliese 514 M1V ≥5.20 — — 0.27 202 140.4 25 Highly eccentric[37]
Gliese 180 d Gliese 180 M2V ≥7.56 — — 0.26 106.3 39 [1]
Gliese 625 b Gliese 625 M2V ≥2.82 — — 14.628 21.1 Only in HZ if very optimistic models used[38][39][40]
L 98-59 f L 98-59 M3V ≥2.46 — — >1 ~280 23.15 34.6 Unconfirmed candidate[41]

Previous candidates

Some exoplanet candidates detected by radial velocity that were originally thought to be potentially habitable were later found to most likely be artifacts of stellar activity. These include Gliese 581 d & g,[42][43][44] Gliese 667 Ce & f,[25][45] Gliese 682 b & c,[33] Kapteyn b,[46][47] and Gliese 832 c.[48]

HD 85512 b was initially estimated to be potentially habitable,[49][50] but updated models for the boundaries of the habitable zone placed the planet interior to the HZ,[51][52] and it is now considered non-habitable.[1] Kepler-69c has gone through a similar process; though initially estimated to be potentially habitable,[53] it was quickly realized that the planet is more likely to be similar to Venus,[54] and is thus no longer considered habitable.[1] Several other planets, such as Gliese 180 b, also appear to be examples of planets once considered potentially habitable but later found to be interior to the habitable zone.[1]

Similarly, Tau Ceti e and f were initially both considered potentially habitable,[55] but with improved models of the circumstellar habitable zone, as of 2022 PHL does not consider either planet potentially habitable.[1][failed verification] Kepler-438b was also initially considered potentially habitable; however, it was later found to be a subject of powerful flares that can strip a planet of its atmosphere, so it is now considered non-habitable.[1]

K2-3d and K2-18b were originally considered potentially habitable, and the latter remains listed in the HEC,[1] but recent studies have shown them to be gaseous sub-Neptunes and thus unlikely to be habitable.[56][57][58][59][60][61]

KOI-1686.01 was also considered a potentially habitable exoplanet after its detection in 2011, until proven a false positive by NASA in 2015.[62] Several other KOIs, like Kepler-577b and Kepler-1649b, were considered potentially habitable prior to confirmation, but with new data are no longer considered habitable.

See also

References

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External links

  • "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog" (PHL/UPR Arecibo)
  • Habitable Exoplanets Catalogue ranks alien worlds on suitability for life
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