List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works

The British author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) and the names of fictional characters and places he invented for his legendarium have had a substantial impact on culture, and have become the namesakes of various things around and outside the world, including street names, mountains, companies, species of animals and plants, asteroids, and other notable objects.

Astronomy

"Eye of Sauron": dust ring around HR 4796A
  • The asteroids 2991 Bilbo and 2675 Tolkien were both discovered and named in 1982.[1][2]
  • The Kuiper Belt object 385446 Manwë and its moon Thorondor were discovered in 2003.[3][4]
  • Earendel, the most-distant known star.[5]
  • The nickname "Eye of Sauron" has been given to multiple eye-like objects, namely the planetary nebulae M 1-42[6][7] and Helix Nebula,[8][9] the star system HR 4796A,[10][11] and the intermediate spiral Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151.[12]
  • The Mars-crossing asteroid 378214 Sauron was discovered in 2007.[13]
  • The trans-Neptunian object 174567 Varda and its moon Ilmarë were discovered in 2006 and 2011 (respectively) and named in 2014.[14]

Geography of Titan

By convention, certain classes of features on Saturn's moon Titan are named after elements from Middle-earth.[15] Colles (small hills or knobs) are named for characters,[16] while montes (mountains) are named for mountains of Middle-earth.[17]

Colles

Collis[16] Coordinates Diameter (km) Named after
Arwen Colles 7°30′S 250°00′W / 7.5°S 250.0°W / -7.5; -250.0 (Arwen) 64 Arwen, character from The Lord of the Rings
Bilbo Colles 4°12′S 38°36′W / 4.2°S 38.6°W / -4.2; -38.6 (Bilbo) 164 Bilbo Baggins, titular character of The Hobbit
Faramir Colles 4°00′N 153°48′W / 4.0°N 153.8°W / 4.0; -153.8 (Faramir) 82 Faramir, character from The Lord of the Rings
Gandalf Colles 14°36′N 209°30′W / 14.6°N 209.5°W / 14.6; -209.5 (Gandalf) 102 Gandalf, character from The Lord of the Rings
Handir Colles 10°00′N 356°42′W / 10.0°N 356.7°W / 10.0; -356.7 (Handir) 100 Handir, character from The Silmarillion
Nimloth Colles 11°54′N 151°18′W / 11.9°N 151.3°W / 11.9; -151.3 (Nimloth) 90 Nimloth, name of a character and a tree from Middle-earth

Montes

Mons Coordinates Named after
Angmar Montes 10°00′S 221°00′W / 10.0°S 221.0°W / -10.0; -221.0 (Angmar Montes) Mountains of Angmar
Dolmed Montes 11°36′S 216°48′W / 11.6°S 216.8°W / -11.6; -216.8 (Dolmed Montes) Mount Dolmed
Doom Mons 14°39′S 40°25′W / 14.65°S 40.42°W / -14.65; -40.42 (Doom Mons) Mount Doom
Echoriat Montes 7°24′S 213°48′W / 7.4°S 213.8°W / -7.4; -213.8 (Echoriat Montes) Echoriath
Erebor Mons 4°58′S 36°14′W / 4.97°S 36.23°W / -4.97; -36.23 (Erebor Mons) Erebor, the Lonely Mountain
Gram Montes 9°54′S 207°54′W / 9.9°S 207.9°W / -9.9; -207.9 (Gram Montes) Mount Gram
Irensaga Montes 5°41′S 212°43′W / 5.68°S 212.71°W / -5.68; -212.71 (Irensaga Montes) Irensaga
Merlock Montes 8°54′S 211°48′W / 8.9°S 211.8°W / -8.9; -211.8 (Merlock Montes) Merlock Mountains
Mindolluin Montes 3°18′S 208°58′W / 3.3°S 208.96°W / -3.3; -208.96 (Mindolluin Montes) Mindolluin
Misty Montes 56°48′N 62°26′W / 56.8°N 62.44°W / 56.8; -62.44 (Misty Montes) Misty Mountains
Mithrim Montes 2°10′S 127°25′W / 2.16°S 127.42°W / -2.16; -127.42 (Mithrim Montes) Mountains of Mithrim
Moria Montes 15°06′N 190°30′W / 15.1°N 190.5°W / 15.1; -190.5 (Moria Montes) Mountains of Moria
Rerir Montes 4°48′S 212°06′W / 4.8°S 212.1°W / -4.8; -212.1 (Rerir Montes) Mount Rerir
Taniquetil Montes 3°40′S 213°16′W / 3.67°S 213.26°W / -3.67; -213.26 (Taniquetil Montes) Taniquetil

Other Planetary bodies

Mercury

A crater adjacent the planet's north pole, Tolkien, is named after the eponymous author.

Pluto System

Various maculae on Pluto and Charon are unofficially named after subjects in Middle Earth.

Maculae Object Coordinates Named after
Balrog Macula Pluto 10°S 80°W / 10°S 80°W / -10; -80 (Balrog Macula) Balrog, a race of demons from the mythos.[18][19]
Mordor Macula Charon 80°N 00°W / 80°N -0°E / 80; -0 (Mordor Macula) Mordor[20][21] It is named after the shadow lands in Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, which it resembles in shape.[22]
Morgoth Macula Pluto 20°S 172°E / 20°S 172°E / -20; 172 (Morgoth Macula) Morgoth, the dark lord of Arda and the main antagonist up to the First Age.

Companies and other entities

Genes and proteins

  • Smaug, a protein that inhibits translation of mRNA nanos (Greek for dwarf) in Drosophila embryos. Named after the dragon Smaug from The Hobbit.[33]
  • Glorund, a protein that inhibits translation of mRNA nanos in Drosophila ovaries. Named after Glórund, an early name for Glaurung, the first dragon in Tolkien's legendarium.[33]
  • Bard, a gene in Drosophila that encodes the protein Bard, which is essential in degrading the protein Smaug. Named after Bard the Bowman, who killed Smaug in The Hobbit.[34]

Individual plants and animals

Geographical features

Mountains

Seamounts

Several undersea features in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Ireland and south of Iceland,[40] including:

At least three seamounts in the Indian Ocean, including:[47]

Music

Ships

  • J.R. Tolkien, a gaff-topsail schooner of Netherlands registry used for passenger cruises on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere in European waters, was built in 1964, and renamed in honour of Tolkien in 1998.[56][57][58]

Places

Streets

The "Tolkien Road" in Eastbourne, East Sussex, was named after Tolkien whereas the "Tolkien Way" in Stoke-on-Trent is named after Tolkien's eldest son, Fr. John Francis Tolkien, who was the priest in charge at the nearby Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Angels and St. Peter in Chains.[59] In the Hall Green and Moseley areas of Birmingham, parks and walkways are dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien, especially at the Millstream Way and Moseley Bog.[60] Collectively the parks are known as the Shire Country Parks.[60] In Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England there is a collection of roads in the 'Weston Village' named after locales of Middle Earth, namely Hobbiton Road, Bree Close, Arnor Close, Rivendell, Westmarch Way and Buckland Green.[61]

In the Dutch town of Geldrop, near Eindhoven, the streets of an entire new neighbourhood are named after Tolkien himself ("Laan van Tolkien") and some of the best-known characters from his books.[62]

Two streets at Warsaw, Poland were named in 2022 after J.R.R. Tolkien and Gandalf. Both streets are located at neighbourhood commonly called Mordor.[63]

Housing

The Bend, Oregon housing development Forest Creek (formerly "The Shire") features the Tolkien-inspired names Ring Bearer Court, Shire Lane, and Wizard Lane.[64] One of the student housing complexes at the University of California, Irvine is named Middle Earth; its halls and other facilities were selected from Tolkien's legendarium.[65]

In the Silicon Valley towns of Saratoga and San Jose in California, there are two housing developments with street names drawn from Tolkien's works. About a dozen Tolkien-derived street names also appear scattered throughout the town of Lake Forest, California. The Columbia, Maryland, neighbourhood of Hobbit's Glen and its street names (including Rivendell Lane, Tooks Way, and Oakenshield Circle) come from Tolkien's works.[66]

Taxonomy

It has been noted that "Tolkien has been accorded formal taxonomic commemoration like no other author."[67] In the field of taxonomy, over 200 taxa (genera and species) have been given scientific names honouring, or deriving from, characters or other fictional elements from The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and other works set in Middle-earth.[25]

Several taxa have been named after the character Gollum (also known as Sméagol), as well as for various hobbits, the small humanlike creatures such as Bilbo and Frodo Baggins. Various elves, dwarves, and other creatures that appear in his writings. Tolkien himself has been honoured in the names of several species. In 1978, paleontologist Leigh Van Valen named over 20 taxa of extinct mammals after Tolkien lore in a single paper.[68][69] The entomologist Karl-Johan Hedqvist, also a fan of Tolkien, named several wasp genera after Tolkien's characters.[70] In 1999, entomologist Lauri Kaila described 46 new species of Elachista moths and named 38 of them after Tolkien mythology.[25][71]

In 2004, the extinct hominid Homo floresiensis was described, and quickly earned the nickname "hobbit" due to its small size.[72]

  Pink background shading indicates that this species name has been synonymised and is no longer in use

J. R. R. Tolkien

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Martesia tolkieni Kennedy, 1974 Clam J. R. R. Tolkien "The name tolkieni honors the late J.R.R. Tolkien, creator of The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and many delightful creatures of long ago in the time of Middle-earth." [73]
Leucothoe tolkieni Vinogradov, 1990 Amphipod J. R. R. Tolkien [74][75]
Gabrius tolkieni Schillhammer 1997 Beetle J. R. R. Tolkien [76]
Tolkienia † Lieberman & Kloc, 1997 Trilobite J. R. R. Tolkien A genus of Devonian trilobites that has been found in Spain, France and the United States. [77]
Khamul tolkeini Gates, 2008 Wasp J. R. R. Tolkien "named in honor of J. R. R. Tolkein [sic] for his profound impact on the fantasy literature genre." [78]
Shireplitis tolkieni Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp J. R. R. Tolkien [79]
Drassodella tolkieni Mbo et al, 2019 Spider J. R. R. Tolkien "Named after John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, who was born in Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa on 3rd January 1892 and died on 2nd September 1973. He is internationally recognised for his authorship of The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion, amongst other works. His fictional 'Middle Earth' is believed to have been inspired in part by the exceptional natural scenery of Hogsback, the type locality of this species." [80]
Hyloscirtus tolkieni Sánchez-Nivicela et al, 2023 Frog J. R. R. Tolkien "The specific epithet tolkieni is in honour of the writer, poet, philologist, and academic John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (J.R.R. Tolkien, 1892–1973), creator of Middle-earth and author of fantasy works like “The Hobbit” and “The Lord of the Rings”. The amazing colours of the new species evoke the magnificent creatures that seem to only exist in fantasy worlds."; "In a stream in the forest there lived a Hyloscirtus. Not a nasty, dirty stream, with spoor of contamination and a muddy smell, nor yet a dry, bare, sandy stream with nothing in it to perch on or to eat: it was a Hyloscirtus-stream, and that means environmental quality." [81]

Ainur

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Macropsidius sauroni (Hamilton, 1972) Leafhopper Sauron [82][83]
Balrogia Hedqvist, 1977 Wasp Balrogs "The new genus is named after a monster called Balrog in Tolkin's book 'The Lord of the Rings'." [84]
Mimatuta morgoth † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Morgoth "Fëanor's name for Melkor, the power-lustful Vala of The Silmarillion. Reference is to the Hell Creek Formation." [69]
Mithrandir † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Gandalf (Mithrandir) "Mithrandir (Sindarin, gray wanderer), Elvish name for Olorin, wisest of the Istari in The Lord of the Rings. Reference is to the subtleness of the differences between the subgenera."
Niphredil radagasti † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Radagast "Radagast, naturalist of the Istari in The Lord of the Rings."
Helferella gothmogoides Williams & Weir, 1988 Beetle Gothmog, Lord of the Balrogs "The species name is derived from Gothmog, a commander within the evil host of Mordor, and oides, latin suffix signifying 'resembling'." [85]
Macrostyphlus gandalf Morrone, 1994 Beetle Gandalf [86]
Semicytherura balrogi Brouwers, 1994 Ostracod Balrogs "After the Balrog, an evil character in J.R.R. Tolkien's adventures of Middle Earth" [87]
Semicytherura tauronae Brouwers, 1994 Ostracod Oromë (Tauron) "After Tauron, a character in J.R.R. Tolkien's adventures of Middle Earth."
Sauron Eskov, 1995 Spider Sauron The zoologist Kirill Eskov, author of The Last Ringbearer, a retelling of The Lord of the Rings from Mordor's point of view, has named a genus of linyphiid sheet weaver spiders Sauron after the ruler of Mordor.[88] [89]
Elachista olorinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Gandalf (Olórin) From Gandalf's alternate name Olórin [71]
Elachista tauronella Kaila, 1999 Moth Oromë (Tauron)
Paraortygoides radagasti † Dyke & Gulas, 2002 Bird Radagast "For the wizard of Middle Earth, Radagast the Brown, rabid communicator with birds" [90]
Gandalfia Willems et al, 2005 Flatworm Gandalf [91]
Litoria sauroni Richards & Oliver, 2006 Frog Sauron "From the character Sauron, referred to as 'the eye' in Tolkien’s 'The Lord of the Rings', in reference to the striking red and black mottled eye of this taxon." [92]
Gandalfus McLay, 2007 Crab Gandalf "Gandalfus is derived from the name of the omnipotent 'Gandalf', a character in J. R. Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings', which was made into a film by Peter Jackson, in New Zealand, the home of the type species." [93]
Khamul gothmogi Gates, 2008 Wasp Gothmog, Lord of the Balrogs "named in honor of Gothmog, Lord of the Balrogs, High Captain of Angband" [94]
Liolaemus tulkas Quinteros et al, 2008 Lizard Tulkas "In the mythology of J. R.R. Tolkien, 'Tulkas' is one of the ainur or powers that helped shape arda or middle earth. One of the characteristics of Tulkas is that of running faster than any other creature. Liolaemus tulkas is very fast in short sprints." [95]
Sauroniops † Cau et al, 2012 Dinosaur Sauron "The genus name is formed by Sauron, fictional character created by J.R.R. Tolkien (1892—1973), and όψη, Greek, 'eye'." [96]
Yavanna † Vera, 2013 Tree fern Yavanna "The generic name is proposed after Yavanna, fictional character of The Silmarillion written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In Tolkien’s writings, Yavanna is a godlike entity (an Ainur), creator of the plants and animals that inhabit the Middle Earth." [97]
Anthracosuchus balrogus † Hastings et al, 2014 Crocodyliform Balrogs "The specific term, balrogus, is named from a literary beast discovered within a deep mine, originally written by Tolkien" [98]
Lepanus sauroni Gunter & Weir, 2019 Dung beetle Sauron "This species is named sauroni for the distinctive pygidial depression with elongate turbercle that resembles the Eye of Sauron from Peter Jackson’s film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings." [99]
Chespiritos balrogiformis Kuwahara & Marshall, 2020 Fly Balrogs "This name refers to the fifth sternite, which resembles the head of the Balrog from J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings series, specifically the one represented in Peter Jackson's movie Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring." [100]
Afrodrassex balrog Haddad & Booysen, 2022 Ground spider Balrogs "In Peter Jackson’s movies based on the books, the Balrog is depicted as wielding a long whip of fire, reminiscent of the very long embolus of this species." [101]
Austrosphecodes balrog Gonçalves & Pereira, 2022 Bee Balrogs "A tall and menacing being who can shroud itself in fire, darkness, and shadow, created by J. R. R. Tolkien." [102]
Saurona Huertas & Willmott, 2023 Butterfly Sauron "The generic name is based on that of the main antagonist, Sauron, in J. R. R. Tolkien’s novel ‘The Lord of the Rings’. The name alludes to the distinctive fused orange rings that encircle the VHW ocelli." [103]
Terataner balrog Ant Balrog For the animal's "dark" lifestyle as a predator, and for its robustly armoured and horned body [104]

Elves

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Gildoria Hedqvist, 1974 Wasp Gildor Inglorion "Named after an eIf-leader in Tolkien: 'The Lord of the Rings'." [105]
Legolasia Hedqvist, 1974 Wasp Legolas Now revised to Chlorocytus. [106]
Oxyprimus galadrielae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Galadriel "Galadriel- (Sindarin [Elvish], radiantly garlanded woman), wise elf-queen of The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion." [69]
Tinuviel † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Lúthien (Tinúviel) "Sindarin (Elvtsh) tinúviel, daughter of twilight, or nightingale, Beren's name for Lúthien in The Silmarillion'"
Metapheretima elrondi Easton, 1979 Earthworm Elrond [107]
Feanora De Clerck & Schockaert, 1995 Flatworm Fëanor "the genus name is a derivation of a mythological personage from Tolkien's 'Silmarillion'" [108]
Elachista lomionella Kaila, 1997 Moth Maeglin (Lómion) [109]
Elachista amrodella Kaila, 1999 Moth Amrod [71]
Elachista aredhella Kaila, 1999 Moth Aredhel
Elachista caranthirella Kaila, 1999 Moth Caranthir
Elachista celegormella Kaila, 1999 Moth Celegorm
Elachista curufinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Curufin
Elachista daeronella Kaila, 1999 Moth Daeron
Elachista finarfinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Finarfin
Elachista galadella Kaila, 1999 Moth Galadhrim, the Silvan Elves
Elachista gildorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Gildor Inglorion
Elachista guilinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Guilin
Elachista indisella Kaila, 1999 Moth Indis
Elachista maglorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Maglor
Elachista miriella Kaila, 1999 Moth Míriel Serindë
Elachista serindella Kaila, 1999 Moth Míriel Serindë
Elachista telerella Kaila, 1999 Moth Teleri
Elachista turgonella Kaila, 1999 Moth Turgon
Gallogramma galadrieli † Garrouste et al, 2017 Prehistoric insect Galadriel [110]
Pseudophallus galadrielae Dallevo-Gomes, Mattox, & Toledo-Piza, 2020 Pipefish Galadriel "The epithet galadrielae refers to the character Galadriel in the trilogy 'The Lord of the Rings' by J. R. R. Tolkien. The elf ruler of Lothlórien is bearer of the ring Nenya, also known as the ring of water. It is used herein in reference to the additional bony rings diagnostic of the new species and its association with freshwater habitats." [111]

Dwarves

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Balinia Hedqvist, 1978 Wasp Balin "named after Balin, a dwarf in Tolkien's 'The Lord of the Rings'."

Now revised to Acrias.[112]

[113]
Gimlia Hedqvist, 1978 Wasp Gimli "named after Gimli, a dwarf in Tolkien's book 'The Lord of the Rings'."

Now revised to Allocerastichus.[114]

Oinia Hedqvist, 1978 Wasp Óin "named after Oin, a dwarf in Tolkien's book 'The Lord of the Rings'."

Now revised to Acrias.[112]

Bomburodon † (Van Valen, 1978) Fossil mammal Bombur "Bombur, a fat dwarf in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Reference is to size and morphology."

Formerly named Bomburia.[a][116]

[69]
Deltatherium durini † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Durin "Name of many dwarf-kings in The Lord of the Rings; Durin I beganKhazad-dûm. Allusion is to size."
Metapheretima kilii Easton, 1979 Earthworm Kíli [107]
Metapheretima dorii Easton, 1979 Earthworm Dori
Elachista ibunella Kaila, 1999 Moth Ibûn [71]
Elachista telcharella Kaila, 1999 Moth Telchar
Cacosternum thorini Conradie, 2014 Frog Thorin Oakenshield "The species name is derived from Thorin II Oakenshield, a fictional character in the J.R.R. Tolkien novel ‘The Hobbit’. [...] It is widely known and accepted that Hogsback was the inspiration behind J.R.R. Tolkien's novels ‘The Hobbit’ and the ‘Lord of the Rings’ series. The name references its small size, its complicated call and the fact that it is found at the base of a large mountain in Hogsback." [117]
Geocharidius balini Sokolov & Kavanaugh, 2014 Ground beetle Balin The specific epithet is "based on the given name of the dwarf Balin, a refounder of the underground kingdom of Moria, one of Thorin Oakenshield's Company of Dwarves who had accompanied Bilbo Baggins on the Quest of Erebor" [118]
Gervasiella oakenshieldi Paladini & Cavichioli, 2015 True bug Thorin Oakenshield Named for the "fictional character surname of the novel The Hobbit, Thorin Oakenshield" [119]
Nebela gimlii Singer et al, 2015 Testate amoebae Gimli "The name of this species refers to the name of Gimli, one of the dwarfs in J.R.R. Tolkien’s masterpiece 'The Lord of the Rings', because of its small size (the smallest known member of the Nebela collaris complex) and stout shape. In addition, it has been found abundantly in a forest, and Gimli was unique among his kind to have been travelling in the woods." [120]
Aspidoras azaghal Tencatt et al, 2020 Catfish Azaghâl "Azaghâl was the king of the Broadbeam Dwarves, one of the seven dwarf clans, and Lord of the dwarven realm of Belegost in the Blue Mountains during Middle Earth's First Age. The name comes from a double allusion, first about the region where the species was found, Terra do Meio, freely translated as 'Middle Earth' in English, [the] name of the fictional world of Tolkien's legendarium, and second by the fact that the new species occurs in a mountainous region and presents a relatively small size, which are both typical features of the fictional dwarves." [121]
Spaeleoleptes gimli Pereira et al., 2024 Harvestman Gimli "Refers to the dwarf Gimli, one of the main characters from J.R.R. Tolkien’s famous novel 'The Lord of the Rings'. This name was chosen because in Tolkien’s novel the dwarves are a race associated with mining and have a strong admiration for caves. Particularly, Gimli explicitly expresses his fascination for the Glittering Caves of Aglarond with their extensive series of spectacular speleothems, and after the defeat of Sauron he was given the lordship over this marvelous cave. The intention of the specific name is to make a metaphorical association with the close relationship of this species with its subterranean habitat." [122]

Race of Men

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Anisonchus eowynae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Éowyn "Éowyn, woman of Rohan in The Lord of the Rings, who killed the chief of the Nazgûl and was cured of his poison by athelas.

Now revised to Anisonchus athelas.[123]

[69]
Paradzickia morwen Blagoderov, 1998 Fungus gnat Morwen "After the character in the books of J.R.R. Tolkien." [124]
Paradzickia hador Blagoderov, 1998 Fungus gnat Hador "After the character in the books of J.R.R. Tolkien."
Elachista aerinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Aerin [71]
Elachista arthadella Kaila, 1999 Moth Arthad
Elachista beorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Bëor
Elachista bregorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Bregor
Elachista dagnirella Kaila, 1999 Moth Dagnir
Elachista eilinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Eilinel
Elachista gorlimella Kaila, 1999 Moth Gorlim
Elachista haldarella Kaila, 1999 Moth Haldar
Elachista marachella Kaila, 1999 Moth Marach
Elachista morwenella Kaila, 1999 Moth Morwen
Elachista neithanella Kaila, 1999 Moth Túrin Turambar (Neithan) Neithan is a pseudonym of Túrin.[25]
Elachista nienorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Niënor
Elachista ragnorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Ragnor
Elachista rianella Kaila, 1999 Moth Rían
Elachista tuorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Tuor
Elachista turinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Túrin Turambar

Hobbits

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Gollum Compagno, 1973 Shark Gollum [125]
Smeagolia (Hedqvist, 1973) Wasp Gollum (Sméagol) Now revised to Muscidifurax. [126]
Pericompsus bilbo Erwin, 1974 Beetle Bilbo Baggins "These beetles are short and robust much like Bilbo." [127]
Gollumiella Hedqvist, 1978 Wasp Gollum [128]
Smeagol Climo, 1980 Gastropod Gollum (Sméagol) [25][129]
Syconycteris hobbit Ziegler, 1982 Bat Hobbits [25][130]
Paragiopagurus hobbiti (Macpherson, 1983) Hermit crab Hobbits "The name hobbiti is given in allusion to the famous fictional race of small creatures created by J. R. Tolkien (hobbits) which, like the new species, dwell in burrows." [131]
Gollumia Riedel, 1988 Snail Gollum "Nach Gollum (oder Smeagol) - ein Fabelwesen, Ausgeburt von J. R. R. TOLKIEN, geheimnisvolle und rätselhafte Kreatur, die in Dunkelheit, am liebsten unterirdisch lebte." [132]
Macrostyphlus bilbo Morrone, 1994 Beetle Bilbo Baggins [86]
Macrostyphlus frodo Morrone, 1994 Beetle Frodo Baggins
Marjumia bagginsi † Melzak & Westrop, 1994 Trilobite Bilbo Baggins [133]
Iandumoema smeagol Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996 Harvestman Gollum (Sméagol) [134]
Lotharingius frodoi † Mattioli, 1996 Coccolithophore Frodo Baggins [135]
Frodospira † Wagner, 1999 Gastropod Frodo Baggins [136]
Galaxias gollumoides McDowall & Chadderton, 1999 Ray-finned fish Gollum Gollumoides means "Gollum-like".[25] [137]
Breviceps bagginsi Minter, 2003 Frog Bilbo Baggins [138]
Peperomia hobbitoides Wendt Piperaceae Hobbits "Peperomia hobbitoides is a small and humble plant that lives in an almost fairyland-like environment of wet karst outcrops in rain forest, and it is strongly and faithfully tied to this home substrate. Indeed, it spends perhaps the greater part of the year in holes and depressions in the rock as a resting tuber. It is edible, an attribute of high esteem among hobbits." [139]
Gollumjapyx smeagol Sendra & Ortuño, 2006 Dipluran Gollum (Sméagol) [140]
Ingerophrynus gollum Grismer, 2007 Toad Gollum [141]
Laparocerus hobbit Machado, 2008 Beetle Hobbits "The specific epithet ... refers to the Hobbits ... a literary fictitious race of people who have big and hairy feet; a metaphor of the swollen and hairy tarsi characteristic of this species." [142]
Saurodocus hobbit Yerman & Krapp-Schickel, 2008 Amphipod Hobbits "Named after the fictional small people of 'halflings' in the fantasy novels written by J. R. R. Tolkien in the traditions of a fairy tale" [143]
Abacophrastus hobbit Will, 2011 Beetle Hobbits "an allusion to the setose dorsal surface of the tarsi, analogous to the hairy feet of Tolkien’s Hobbits" [144]
Shireplitis bilboi Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Bilbo Baggins [79]
Shireplitis frodoi Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Frodo Baggins
Shireplitis meriadoci Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Meriadoc Brandybuck
Shireplitis peregrini Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Peregrin Took
Shireplitis samwisei Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Samwise Gamgee
Tennesseellum gollum Dupérré, 2013 Spider Gollum Named "on reference to the evil persona Gollum, given the 'evil look' of the male of this species due to the large cheliceral tubercles." [145]
Tetramorium gollum Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2014 Ant Gollum "The new species is named after the fictional character "Gollum" from J.R.R. Tolkien's novels 'The Hobbit' and 'The Lord of the Rings'." [146]
Tetramorium hobbit Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2014 Ant Hobbits "This very hairy new species is named after the fictional people from J.R.R. Tolkien’s novels 'The Hobbit' and 'The Lord of the Rings'."
Ansonia smeagol Davies et al, 2016 Toad Gollum (Sméagol) [147]
Meoneura hobbitoides (Stucke, 2016) Fly Hobbits [148]
Aglaophenia baggins Soto Ángel & Peña Cantero, 2017 Hydrozoan Baggins family [149]
Meoneura bilboi Stuke & Freidberg, 2017 Fly Bilbo Baggins A tiny fly (length<2 mm) "dedicated to Bilbo Baggins [...] who, being an ordinary hobbit, found the ring of power in J.R.R. Tolkienʼs fantasy novel The Hobbit." [150]
Odontonia bagginsi de Gier & Fransen, 2018 Shrimp Baggins family [151]
Aenigmachanna gollum Britz et al, 2019 Labyrinth fish Gollum "Named after Gollum, a character from J. R. R. Tolkien’s books ‘The Hobbit’ and ‘The Lord of the Rings’, a creature that went underground and during its subterranean life changed its morphological features." [152]
Psylla frodobagginsi Martoni, 2019 Psyllid Frodo Baggins [153]
Goniurosaurus gollum Qi et al, 2020 Gecko Gollum "This new species and Gollum have similar cave-dwelling habit and emaciated body. We suggest the common name as 'Gollum Leopard Gecko'" [154]
Sinopesa gollum Lin & Li, 2021 Spider Gollum "named after Gollum,[...] who lived in a cave, as does this new species" [155]
Chiloglanis frodobagginsi Schmidt, Friel, Bart & Pezold, 2023 Catfish Frodo Baggins "Chiloglanis frodobagginsi is named after another diminutive traveller, Frodo Baggins" [156]

Orcs

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Borophagus orc † Webb, 1969 Fossil mammal Orcs "Orc = a ruthless carnivorous creature serving the forces of evil in the Third Age of Middle Earth" [157]
Protungulatum gorgun † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Orcs (Gorgûn) "Etymology: Gorgûn, the Woses' name for orcs in The Lord of the Rings, with reference to the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation" [69]

the Nazgûl

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Nazgulia Hedqvist, 1973 Wasp Nazgûl [126]
Khamul Gates, 2008 Wasp Khamûl, a Nazgûl [78]
Tetramorium nazgul Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012 Ant Nazgûl [158]
Acledra nazgul Faúndez, Rider & Carvajal, 2016 True bug Nazgûl "After the fictional Nazgûl characters created by J.R.R. Tolkien, who, mounted on winged creatures, could fly long distances, even on steep peaks; on the other hand, this new species has a wide distribution and dispersal capacity throughout the highlands near the Argentinean Andes, which resembles the behaviour of the Nazgûl." [159][160]
Abavorana nazgul Quah et al, 2017 Frog Nazgûl Named "in reference to the 'Nazgûl', characters created by J.R.R. Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings (1954). Also known as Ring-wraiths, they were nine men who succumbed to Sauron’s power and were transformed into white ghostly figures wearing black cloaks—the colouration that the new population being described herein shares." [161]
Potamalpheops nazgul Christodoulou, Iliffe & De Grave, 2019 True shrimp Nazgûl "Named after J.R.R. Tolkienʼs fictional characters, the Nazgul, who dwell in the realm of shadows, akin to the habitat of this new shrimp species" [162]
Mischocyttarus nazgul Borges & Silveira, 2019 Wasp Nazgûl "The specific epithet is a reference to the Nazgul Kings" [163]

Ents

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Entia Hedqvist (1974) Wasp Ents Now revised to Boucekastichus. [164][165]
Fimbrethil † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Fimbrethil, the lost wife of Treebeard "Fimbrethil, entwife loved by Fangorn in The Lord of the Rings. Reference is to partly primate-like morphology and the disappearance of both Finbrethils."

Now revised to Oxyacodon.[166]

[69]
Unicauda fimbrethilae Rosser, 2016 Myxozoan Fimbrethil, the lost wife of Treebeard [167]

other characters

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Beorn † Cooper, 1964 Tardigrade Beorn Tardigrades or water bears are microscopic animals that look something like bears. [168]
Beornia Hedqvist, 1975 Wasp Beorn [169]
Earendil † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Eärendil, a Half-elf "Eärendil, who (in The Silmarillion) sailed with a silmaril to get the aid that defeated Morgoth." [69]
Mimotricentes mirielae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Tar-Míriel, a queen of Númenor "Míriel (Quenya, Jewel-woman), Númenorian queen in The Silmarillion, forced into marriage and the loss of her throne."

Now revised to Loxolophus hyattianus.[170]

Protoselene bombadili † (Van Valen, 1978) Fossil mammal Tom Bombadil "Tom Bombadil, the Hobbit name for a simple, powerful, and very old being. Reference is to these three traits."
Elachista diorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Dior Eluchíl, a Half-elf [71]

animals

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Ancalagon Conway Morris, 1977 Priapulid Ancalagon the Black [171]
Ankalagon † (Van Valen, 1978) Fossil mammal Ancalagon the Black "The mightiest dragon of Morgoth, in The Silmarillion." [69]
Claenodon mumak † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Mûmakil, the elephants of Middle-earth "Mûmakil name used in Ithilien for the animal hobbits called an oliphaunt, resembling a large elephant. Reference is to size."
Desmatoclaenus mearae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Mearas, the horses of Rohan "Meara, any one of the great horses of Rohan in The Lord of the Rings."
Gwaihiria Naumann, 1982 Wasp Gwaihir, Lord of the Eagles [172]
Amphiledorus ungoliantae Pekár & Cardoso, 2005 Spider Ungoliant Ungoliant is a giant spider. [173]
Nemesia ungoliant Decae, Cardoso & Selden, 2007 Spider Ungoliant [174]
Liolaemus smaug Abdala et al, 2010 Lizard Smaug "In Tolkien’s mythology Smaug, the Golden, is the last of the Middle Earth dragons. The name Liolaemus smaug is because this new species exhibit a golden coloration on body." [175]
Smaug Stanley et al, 2011 Lizard Smaug [176]
Tetramorium smaug Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012 Ant Smaug [158]
Pycnophyes smaug Sánchez et al, 2013 Kinorhynch Smaug "The species name smaug, refers to the dragon Smaug, the greatest and most powerful in the later part of the Third Age in the books of J.R.R. Tolkien." [177]
Glaurung † Bulanov & Sennikov, 2015 Weigeltisaurid Glaurung [178]
Planois smaug Carvajal, Faúndez & Rider, 2015 True bug Smaug [179][180]
Tamolia ancalagon Carvajal et al, 2015 True bug Ancalagon the Black Named "for Ancalagon the Black, the largest dragon in J. R. R. Tokien’s universe; because of the dark coloration and aspect of this new species, as well as its size compared to many other heteropterans." [181]
Cristaphyes glaurung Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Glaurung [182]
Cristaphyes scatha Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Scatha the Worm
Ochyrocera laracna Brescovit, Cizauskas & Mota, 2018 Spider Shelob "Laracna" is Shelob's name in Portuguese [183]
Ochyrocera ungoliant Brescovit, Cizauskas & Mota, 2018 Spider Ungoliant
Pycnophyes ancalagon Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Ancalagon the Black [182]
Rhabdias glaurungi Willkens et al., 2020 Roundworm Glaurung This species is named after the fictional character ‘Glaurung’, the first of the Dragons from ‘The Silmarillion’ [184]
Cnemaspis smaug Pal et al, 2021 Gecko Smaug "The species is named after "Smaug", the dragon from J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel, The Hobbit. The name is derived from the old German verb 'smeuganan' meaning "to creep" or "to squeeze through a hole". The type specimens of this species were found within crevices of rocks and boulders inside the forest. Additionally, like dragons, the dorsum is armoured with large conical tubercles." [185]

objects and locations

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Anisonchus athelas † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Athelas, a plant "Sindarin (Elvish) athelas, kingsfoil, a healing plant in The Lord of the Rings. Reference is to the joining of phylogenies." [69]
Earendil undomiel † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Undómiel "Quenya (Elvish) undómiel, evening star, which Eärendil with his silmaril became."
Fimbrethil ambaronae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Fangorn (also named Ambaróna) "Quenya (Elvish) Ambaróna, one of Fangorn's shorter names for his forest. Reference is to the dimness of the forest and of the affinities of this species."

Now revised to Oxyacodon agapetillus.[186]

Litaletes ondolinde † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Gondolin (also named Ondolindë) "Quenya (elvish) ondo, rock, and lindë, song. Reference is to Rock Bench and to the hidden city Ondolindë or Gondolin of The Silmarillion. The Rock Bench specimens and others were formerly as hidden (and unsorted)."
Niphredil † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Niphredil, a flower "Sindarin (Elvish) niphredil, white-flowering forb of open woods in Neldoreth and Lothlorien."
Platymastus palantir † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Palantir "Quenya (Elvish) palantir, distant watcher, one of 7 globes made by Fëanor that gave visions through spacetime. Reference is to the long duration of the genus."
Thangorodrim † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Thangorodrim "Thangorodrim, the mountainous triple fortress of Morgoth in The Silmarillion. Reference is to Purgatory Hill."

Now revised to Oxyclaenus.[187]

Metapheretima andurili Easton, 1979 Earthworm Andúril, sword reforged by Aragorn [107]
Metapheretima stingi Easton, 1979 Earthworm Sting, Bilbo and Frodo's dagger
Metapheretima orcrista Easton, 1979 Earthworm Orcrist, Thorin Oakenshield's sword
Metapheretima glamdringi Easton, 1979 Earthworm Glamdring, Gandalf's sword
Pseudopallenis palantir Kolibáč, 1997 Beetle Palantir [188]
Asthenodipsas lasgalenensis Loredo et al, 2013 Snake Mirkwood (also named Eryn Lasgalen) "The specific epithet lasgalenensis is derived from the name Eryn Lasgalen which means in the "Wood of Greenleaves" in the fictional Sindarian language from J.R.R Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1955). It was the name used by the Wood Elves for the Mirkwood Forest after its cleansing following the War of the Ring. This name was chosen because Tolkien's (1955) description of this forest showed great similarity to the cloudy, upland forests within which this species is found." [189]
Shireplitis Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp The Shire "[T]he genus is endemic to New Zealand, where a human replicate of The Shire is built". [79]
Lopholatilus ereborensis † Carnevale & Godfrey, 2014 Tilefish Erebor, the Lonely Mountain [145]
Desmia mordor Landry & Solis, 2016 Moth Mordor The specific name "means ‘Black Land’ in Sindarin, a fictional language used in The Lord of the Rings, the epic high-fantasy novel written by English author J. R. R. Tolkien [...] Mordor is volcanic and partly arid, like the Galápagos." [190]
Arctoceras erebori † Piazza, 2017 Ammonoid Erebor, the Lonely Mountain [191]
Astyanax lorien Zanata, Burger & Camelier, 2018 Ray-finned fish Lothlórien lorien, from the Quenya language meaning "Dream Land", used in allusion to the "beautiful areas" inhabited by the Brazilian species [192]
Acantopsis bruinen Boyd et al., 2018 Ray-finned fish River Bruinen, "Loudwater" Specific epithet bruinen for the Loudwater of Rivendell and the flood that took the form of great horses, alluding to the common name “horseface loach” for the genus [193]
Cristaphyes dordaidelosensis Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Dor Daidelos "The species name dordaidelosensis, meaning 'living in Dor Daidelos,' is inspired by the book Silmarillion by JRR Tolkien. According to the book, Dor Daidelos is 'The Region of Everlasting Cold' and the northernmost region of Middle Earth in the First Age." [182]
Uroplatus fangorn Ratsoavina et al, Scherz, 2020 Gecko Fangorn "The species epithet fangorn is [...] derived from the name of a deep, dark woodland in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth. [...] We use this name in reference not only to the similarities between Fangorn forest and the forests in which the new species occurs, but also to the tree-like appearance of Uroplatus geckos, which make them seem like the 'tree spirits' that are Tolkien’s Ents (Flieger 2013)." [194]
Hyperlais orodruinella Korb, Gorbunov & Melyakh, 2023 Moth Orodruin (Mount Doom) "We name the new species after Mount Orodruin. In J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, the One Ring was forged on Mount Orodruin by the Dark Lord Sauron. The name shows the characteristic feature of the moth: black triangular wings with a yellow suffusion in the basal part, resembling a dark volcano with an erupting top" [195]

Elvish words

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Aletodon mellon † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal mellon "Sindarin (Elvish) mellon, friend, the password of the west gate of Khazad-dûm in The Lord of the Rings. Reference is to similarly to P. palantir, presumptive diet of plants" [69]
Chriacus calenancus † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal calen, anca "Sindarin (Elvish) calen, green; anca, Jaws. Reference is to inferred herbivory"
Litomylus alphamon † Van Valen 1978 Fossil mammal alph, amon "Sindarin (Elvish) alph, swan, and amon, hill. Reference is to the locality"

Now revised to Litocherus lacunatus.[196]

Mimatuta minuial † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal minuial "Sindarin (Elvish) minuial, the time at dawn when the stars fade. Reference is to the dawn of the Cenozoic and the fading of the Mesozoic stars."
Thangorodrim thalion † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal thalion "Sindarin (Elvish) thalion, strong. Reference is to the massive morphology of the jaws and the generic name"

Now revised to Oxyclaenus pugnax.[197]

Elachista aranella Kaila, 1999 Moth aran- "E. aranella seems to owe its name to aran-, the 'royal prefix used by the Kings of Arthedain after Malvegil and by the Chieftains of the Dúnedain of the North to indicate their claim to all of Arnor'".[198] [71]
Helicops nentur Costa et al, 2016 Snake nen, tur "The name nentur is formed by the (Quenya) words nen (water) and tur (ruler, master)," referencing the aquatic habits of the species [199]
Hylaeus mellon Dathe and Proshchalykin, 2016 Bee mellon "mellon (High Elvish [Sindarin]): friend" [200]
Epimeria anguloce d’Acoz & Verheye, 2017 Amphipod angulócë "Angulócë, dragon — Tolkien’s Quenya language ( Faulskanger 2008). The name, which is a noun in apposition, alludes to the dragon-like facies of the species." [201]
Thiodina perian Bustamante & Ruiz, 2017 Jumping spider perian "The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the fictional language Sindarin created by J.R.R. Tolkien. The Sindarin is one of the languages spoken by the Elves. The word 'perian' is translated as 'small' and was used to refer to the Hobbits, the smaller kind of Middle Earth; in reference to its small size, to date the smallest thiodinine ever discovered" [202]
Vanima Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke, 2020 Butterfly vanima In Quenya (elvish) vanima means beautiful [203]

other works

Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Aspidoras psammatides Britto, Lima & Santos, 2005 Catfish Psamathos Psamathides, Roverandom "Psammatides, after 'Psammatos psammatides' [sic], 'the sand sorcerer', a character of J.R.R. Tolkien’s book 'Roverandom', from the Greek psammos, sand, and ides, son of. In allusion to the sand-dwelling behavior of the species." [204]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bomburia was already a genus of wasps named for the dwarf of Norse mythology[115]

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Works cited
  • Gee, Henry (2004). The Science of Middle-earth (1st ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Press. ISBN 978-1593600235.
  • Larsen, Kristine (2007). "Sauron, Mount Doom, and Elvish Moths: The Influence of Tolkien on Modern Science". Tolkien Studies. 4 (1): 223–234. doi:10.1353/tks.2007.0024. S2CID 170563966.
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