Makonde language
Bantu language spoken in East Africa
| Makonde | |
|---|---|
| Chi(ni)makonde | |
| Native to | Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Kenya |
| Ethnicity | Makonde, Ndonde Hamba |
Native speakers | (2.1 million cited 1987–2016)[1] |
Language family | Niger–Congo?
|
| Dialects |
|
Writing system | Latin |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:kde – Makondemvw – Machinganjd – Ndonde Hambawtb – Matambwe |
| Glottolog | mako1251 Makondemach1265 Machingamata1313 Matambwe |
P.23,24,25[2] | |
| Person | Mmakonde |
|---|---|
| People | Wamakonde |
| Language | Kimakonde |
| Country | Umakonde |
Makonde, or Kimakonde, is the language spoken by the Makonde, an ethnic group in southeast Tanzania and northern Mozambique.[3] Makonde is a central Bantu language closely related to Yao. The Matambwe (Matembwe) and Mabiha (Maviha) dialects are divergent, and may not be Makonde.[4][full citation needed]
A mosquito-borne viral fever first identified on the Makonde Plateau is named Chikungunya, which is derived from the Makonde root verb kungunyala (meaning "that which bends up", "to become contorted," or "to walk bent over").[5] The derivation of the term is generally falsely attributed to Swahili.[6]
Phonology
The following are the consonants and vowels of the Makonde language:[7]
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a |
There also tends to be a rising final vowel sound /vv́/ within vowel combinations.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ||
| Affricate | tʃ | |||||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | w | |||
References
- ^ Makonde at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Machinga at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Ndonde Hamba at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Matambwe at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) - ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ^ Nurse 2003
- ^ Morens DM and Fauci AS (2014). "Chikungunya at the Door — Déjà Vu All Over Again?". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (10): 885–887. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1408509. PMID 25029435.
- ^ Singh, SS; Manimunda, SP; Sugunan, AP; Sahina, Vijayachari P (2008). "Four cases of acute flaccid paralysis associated with chikungunya virus infection". Epidemiol Infect. 136 (9): 1277–80. doi:10.1017/S0950268807009739. PMC 2870928. PMID 18634716.
- ^ Kraal, Pieter J. (2005). A Grammar of Makonde (Chinnima, Tanzania). pp. 16–32.
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