María de la Ossa de Amador

María de la Ossa de Amador
de la Ossa de Amador in 1913
First Lady of Panama
In office February 20, 1904 – October 1, 1908
President	Manuel Amador Guerrero
Preceded by	Position Created
Succeeded by	Josefa Jované Aguilar y Távara
Personal details
Born	Manuela María Maximiliano de la Ossa Escobar (1855-03-02)2 March 1855 Sahagún, Bolívar State, Republic of New Granada
Died	5 July 1948(1948-07-05) (aged 93) Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Spouse	Manuel Amador Guerrero (m. 1872–1909; his death)
Children	Raúl Arturo Guerrero Elmira María Guerrero de Ehrman
Known for	creating the first Flag of Panama and planning the bloodless revolution for Panama's Independence

María de la Ossa de Amador (2 March 1855 – 5 July 1948) was the inaugural First Lady of Panama serving from February 1904 to October 1908. She was one of the creators of the original Panamanian flag and a member of the separatist movement which fought for Panamanian independence from Colombia. She is known as the "Mother of the Nation" and in the corregimiento Parque Lefevre a school was named in her honor. In 1953, for the nation's 50th anniversary, a stamp bearing the likeness of her and her husband was issued by the government of Panama.

Early life

Manuela María Maximiliano de la Ossa Escobar was born on 2 March 1855 in Sahagún, Chinú Province, Bolívar State (when it was part of the Republic of New Granada, now Córdoba Department, Colombia) to Manuela Escobar Arce and Jose Francisco de la Ossa Molina.^{[1][Notes 1]}

Her father was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for the Isthmus Department of Colombia^[5][6] and her maternal grandfather and his brothers were signers of the Declaration of Independence of Panama from the Spanish Empire.^[7] Her siblings included: Jerónimo (1847–1907), who wrote the National anthem of Panama;^[6][8] Ramona (1849-prior to 1919)^{[9][Notes 2]}, who married the legislator Manuel C. Cervera;^[12][13] Emilia (1850–1938), mother of Edwin Lefèvre, who was a women's rights advocate and later a writer;^[6][14] José Francisco Ramón (1851–1852);^[15][16] José Francisco (1856–1956), who served as Mayor of the Isthmus Department and later a Superior Court Judge;^[17] Ricardo (1860–1907), who owned a Peruvian business;^[18][19] and Manuela Augusta (1864–?),^[20] who married Jose Guillermo Lewis Herrera.^[21][11]

De la Ossa was raised in an era of rigid custom, where upper-class women were kept separate from society and trained in the arts of music and needlework, to prepare them for marriage and the domestic sphere.^[14] She attended a convent school in Panama City and was educated by private tutors.^[22] On 6 February 1872, she married Manuel Amador Guerrero,^[4] as his second wife. Amador had a previous son, Manuel Encarnación Amador Terreros,^[2] with his first wife, María de Jesús Terreros.^[23][24] The couple had two children, Raúl Arturo, who as an adult was attached to the Panamanian consulate in New York City and Elmira María, who married William Ehrman, one of the owners of the Ehrman Banking Company.^[2][23]

Independence movement

When the French company that owned the rights to build the Panama Canal went bankrupt, the United States bought the rights to build the canal in 1902.^[25] Contentious negotiations with Colombia led the United States to back the separatist movement in Panama, believing that negotiations would be more favorable to American interests from a small, weak newly developing state.^[26] To that end, Amador traveled to New York in September 1903 to work out how the United States was willing to support their separation movement.^[27] He returned to Panama to put plans in motion^[28] and asked his son, Manuel Encarnación to design the flag for the new nation. The design was completed on 1 November and de la Ossa and her sister-in-law Angélica Bergamonta de la Ossa, Jerónimo's wife,^[3][29] purchased the blue, red, and white fabrics from three different warehouses in Panama City, so as not to arouse suspicion.^[2] Having secured sufficient fabric to make two flags, the women worked through the night on 2 November using a portable sewing machine to complete the flag.^[29] A third, smaller flag was made of the fabric remnants by María Emilia, Angélica's daughter^[29][30] and the women were assisted by de la Ossa's domestic helper, Águeda.^[31]

The U.S. naval ship USS Nashville arrived on the coastline on 2 November.^[28] On 3 November 1903, word reached separatists in Panama City, that General Juan B. Tobar, was landing with the cruiser Cartagena and merchant ship Alexander Bixio from Colombia to the coastline near Colón. Leading a battalion of 500 soldiers, which included the Third Sharpshooter Battalion, Tobar was on the way to the capital. Fearing that if they were caught they would be executed, Amador, along with José Agustín Arango, Federico Boyd, and Manuel Espinosa Batista met to discuss the situation. Many of their colleagues decided to abandon the cause. De la Ossa suggested that her husband make contact with a trusted ally, Herbert G. Prescott, assistant superintendent of the Panama Railway, in hopes that Prescott could convince Superintendent James Shaler to help.^[4][32] Prescott was at the time, the fiancé of María Emilia de la Ossa Bergamota, daughter of de la Ossa's brother Jerónimo.^[27] When Amador went to speak with Prescott, de la Ossa left and met with Arango and Espinosa, husband of her cousin, to reassure them that the plans were proceeding and convince them to remain steadfast to the cause.^[4]

De la Ossa's plan involved having Shaler convince Tobar to come to the capital, separating him from his troops. Once there, he would be captured and his troops bribed to return home.^[32][33][31] When the plan successfully concluded,^[33] one of the flags was hung from a balcony and the other was paraded through the streets on 3 November.^[2][29] Upon securing Panama's independence, Amador was elected as the first constitutional President of Panama and de la Ossa became the inaugural First Lady. Their term began on 20 February 1904 and ended on 1 October 1908^[23] with de la Ossa serving as the official hostess of the country. Her duties included providing official entertainments for dignitaries and meeting daily during the season with official guests.^[22] Choosing not to seek re-election, Amador died soon after leaving office in 1909.^[34] After her husband's death, de la Ossa traveled between visits to various family members in the United States and Europe. She was a proponent of women's education and had a strong belief in religion as providing a moral compass to guide women.^[22] She lived in Paris until 1939, when she moved to Charlotte, North Carolina.^[35] In 1935, Flag Day was first celebrated in her honor on 4 November and in 1941, Public Law 60 was passed by the National Assembly of Panama to recognize her contributions to the nation.^[2]

Death and legacy

De la Ossa died on 5 July 1948, in Charlotte and her remains were buried in Panama.^[35] She is known as the "Mother of the Nation" and in the corregimiento known as Parque Lefevre, a school was named in her honor.^[3] Of the three flags made for the independence, one was destroyed by repeated use.^[29] The small flag made by María Emilia was either hoisted on the flagpole of the first steamer to leave Panama for the United States to announce the success of the country's independence^[30] or taken by María Emilia to New York, where it was exhibited in a shop and later a museum, before its whereabouts became unknown.^[29] The third flag, which was retained by de la Ossa was later given as a gift to President Theodore Roosevelt and is believed to have been later donated to the Library of Congress.^[29][2] In 1953, for the nation's 50th anniversary, a stamp bearing the likeness of her and her husband was issued by the government of Panama.^[36]

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