Urban rail transit in Africa

Overview of Africa's urban rail transit system
Africa's newest Urban rail transit project, Addis Ababa

Urban rail transit in Africa has emerged as a growing form of transit due to rapid urbanization that has occurred in recent decades across the continent. Some of these transit systems are older and more developed, such as the metro in Cairo which opened in 1987. Others such as the light-rail system in Addis Ababa are much more recent, which opened in 2015.[1] A variety of technologies are being used ranging from light-rail, bus rapid-transit, and commuter-rail etc. Africa for several decades saw minimal investment in rail infrastructure, but in recent years due to urban population growth and improved financing options, investment in rail networks has increased.

Background

African heavy-rail is an artifact of the colonial period, where colonizing nations built out these networks to further the conquest of Africa. The colonial powers also used these networks to transport resources they extracted from operations they developed.[2] These rail networks criss-crossed major areas of Africa, but with the independence period these networks became splintered due to new borders across the continent. These networks declined over the next few decades, due to lower demand and lower levels of investment. Like many other aspects of African governments, these became overstaffed.[3]

In recent decades, potential economic growth has been untapped with the growth of extractive industries such as mining and oil drilling.[2] Many of these mines are located in the several land-locked nations in the African interior. Aware of the environmental toll that road-transport requires, nations and foreign actors are realizing the potential of rail transit in Africa. Besides economic incentives, urbanization has been fueling the growth of mega cities across the globe. Lagos, Nairobi, Cairo, Kinshasa, Luanda, Dar es Salaam, Johannesburg, and Abidjan, etc., either are all mega cities across Africa that are either already at 10 million people, or soon on track to surpass that number. In recent years there has been a growth in both urban rail systems, and more traditional heavy rail.

Northern Africa

Map of Cairo Metro circa 2006, in Arabic

Egypt

Egypt is home to the Cairo Metro, the oldest rail transit system on the African continent, which opened in 1987.[4] The National Authority for Tunnels was established in 1983, which oversees the Cairo Metro. It is composed of three lines, the first line opening in 1987. The most recent line, the 3rd line should be completed by 2024.[5] The construction of this 3rd line was possible with French and European Union funding, but there are currently plans for a 4th, 5th, and 6th line.[5] The current rail network handles about 4 million people daily, and runs on almost 110 km of track.[5] The Cairo Metro currently uses rolling stock from Hyundai Rotem, in which the Metro has placed orders in 2012, 2017, and 2019.[6] It runs on a standard gauge track.

Cairo also has an LRT system, which opened in 2022, that serves the eastern suburbs of the city and the New Administrative Capital before ending at the interchange between the LRT and the high speed rail.

Algeria

Algeria has a metro system in Algiers, although it is a very new system. It was originally put forward in 1980, but was put on hold for a couple decades before finally opening in 2011.[7] It is 18.8 km long, and runs on fourteen trains.[7] Algeria has significant oil deposits which cause very low oil prices in the country, leading to high levels of car usage. Algiers is the largest city in North Africa[really?], and is not designed for the number of cars being put on its streets; the gridlock has spurred rapid metro expansion on a series of projects.[8] Several projects are underway and slated to open in the early part of the 2020 decade.

Tunisia

The capital of Tunisia, Tunis is home to a developing light-rail system. It existed in the past also, but was removed with the advent of "car culture." The light-rail system returned in 1985. It is composed of five lines, and has undergone improvements in recent years. Thanks to a combination of foreign funding from the AFD, EIB, French Government, the Tunisian government has been able to undertake these improvements and extensions.[9] Although Tunis is not a particularly large city, its bus system had become overloaded, and there was extensive traffic in the city center.[10]

Morocco

Casablanca Tramway, with Alstom trams.

Casablanca is more complex than Algiers or Tunis, in order to connect the suburban areas to the downtown of Casablanca, a system of four tramway lines with over 100 km of tracks, and 124 trains as well as two lines of BRT(bus rapid transit) is achieved, the city has future projects of monorail system but no progress so far. [citation needed]

West Africa

Nigeria

Abuja

Nigeria's national capital, Abuja, is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa and the world. According to the United Nations, Abuja grew by 139.7% between 2000 and 2010, making it the fastest growing city in the world.[11] As of 2015[update], the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35%, retaining its position as the fastest-growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest-growing in the world.[12] As of 2016, the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at six million persons, placing it behind only Lagos as the most populous metro area in Nigeria.[13] Abuja Rail Mass Transit commonly known as Abuja Light Rail is a regional rail transport system in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. It is the first rapid transit system in the country and in West Africa and the second such system in sub-saharan Africa (after Addis Ababa Light Rail). The first phase of the project connects the city center to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Abuja-Kaduna Railway station in Idu. The Abuja Metro Line was launched on 12 July 2018[14][15] and opened for passengers the following week.[16]

Lagos

Nigeria's economic center, Lagos is one of the fastest growing metro areas across the globe. Unlike other metro areas Lagos until very recently did not have a form of mass transit. China in its ambitious Belt and Road initiative over the last decade, has been especially prominent in Nigeria. China's vehicle for this investment is through loans from the Export-Import Bank and China Civil Engineering Construction Company (CCECC).[17] Lagos was projected to hit a population of 25 million making it one of the largest metro areas on Earth.[18] In 2008 Bus-Rapid transit was launched, but this had limited capacity. The first line, The Lagos Blue Line, officially began operation on September 4,2023 and the next line, The Lagos Red Line is 95% complete. A much more ambitious project was launched in 2009 for "Lite-Rail", Nigeria is currently focused on developing two lines, estimated to carry 500,000 passengers daily.[18] Light-Rail in Lagos is complicated with the presence of significant water due to the presence of a lagoon and the Atlantic Coast, but construction is being coordinated for seamless transition between different modes of transportation.[19]

Senegal

Dakar, the economic centre of the country, has been facing several mobility problems for the past years. This situation led to the opening in 2019 of a new infrastructure to relieve congestion in the suburbs, but also to join the capital to the new Blaise Diagne International Airport by the end of 2023.

The work has started in 2016 and the line also passes by another relatively recent important centre of the country, Diamniadio. This project is part of the Plan Senegal Emergent put in place by the president Macky Sall, elected in 2012.

By 2024, work for extensions towards Thiès and Mbour is planned to start.

Côte d'Ivoire

The largest city and economic center Abidjan, is set to welcome one of the first metro systems in West Africa, signing a deal in 2019 with a French company.[20] Although construction will not start till 2020. There has been some delays with the project as it was initially announced in 2015, but now service is expected to begin in 2022.[21] France has actually offered to finance the whole project at a cost of 1.4 billion Euros. Due to the physical nature of Abidjan which has many islands and peninsulas, the metro project requires significant construction of infrastructure.[20][22] In total in order for this project to be completed it "will require the construction of 24 bridges, 1 viaduct over the lagoon, 34 pedestrian footbridges and 8 underpasses."[23] It is set to be one line initially with 18 stations and a capacity of 500,000 riders per day.[20] Similar to other French-backed projects Alstom was awarded the contract for the physical train-sets.[20]

Central Africa

Cameroon

The largest city in Cameroon, Douala is home to roughly 2.8 million people; like many other African cities it is undergoing rapid rates of growth and a horrible degree of traffic congestion. Some relief is coming to the residents of Douala, as the Biya government and a Belgian and Turkish company have agreed to build a tramway.[24] The pilot project is set to open in 2021[needs update], but is planned to be part of a larger five line tram network.[24] In order to speed the construction of the other eventual lines, the project will use the same track 1,000 mm gauge as conventional rail.[24] This will create a mixed used network of train and tram to build on the existing rail infrastructure in Cameroon. Cameroon's capital city Yaoundé is also on track to have a tramway, built by the same Belgian and Turkish company currently building the Douala pilot network.[25]

East Africa

Tanzania

Dar es Salaam is the economic center of Tanzania. In 2012, it welcomed the Treni ya Mwakyembe commuter rail system, which can serve a total of 30,000 passengers per day.[26] Considering Dar es Salaam is projected to hit 13.4 million by 2035, this commuter rail system is only a drop in the bucket.[27] A one-way ticket costs $0.25, or $0.50 round trip. Instead of building out a metro project like many other African cities are undertaking Dar es Salaam is focused on creating a BRT system.[27] Dar es Salaam similar to many other rapidly growing urban centers is faced with significant traffic issues.[citation needed] Due to the size of Dar es Salaam, some commuters spend up to two hours commuting each day by very informal dalla dalla minibuses.[27] Transport in Dar es Salaam is further constrained, because the highway network was designed to only handle 35,000 people created during the colonial era.[27]

Ethiopia

A large part of Addis-Ababa ridership is the working commuter.

The Ethiopian government originally proposed this project in 2006, so this project was rather quickly implemented, opening in 2015. Although opened in 2015 it received little attention until 2017.[28] Addis Ababa, like so many other African cities is undergoing major growth and urbanization. Current international donors and agencies are interested in developing sustainably, so there has been an overwhelming focus on African cities. These projects included Addis Ababa, with the stated goals to reduce car emissions, decrease traffic gridlock, and improve transport equity.[28] China, along with France have both been focused in recent years on developing urban rail lines, China actually was very involved in this project. China through its Chinese Export-Import Bank, provided 85% of the funding for this project, like similar contracts China operates and built the entire system in Ethiopia.[28] Addis Ababa Light-Rail has two lines currently, with a daily ridership of around 150,000 people. The tram has helped reduce the issue of urban sprawl, as Addis Ababa has grown further and further out. Due to this urban sprawl commute times have steadily increased, but the Light-Rail system has allowed for easier commuting for those with the longest distance.[28] In the last few years there has been widespread satisfaction with the system, but some valid complaints related to wait-times, ticketing, overcrowding, and multi-modal commutes.

Uganda

Kampala, the capital of Uganda, is working to develop a light-rail system similar to Addis Ababa. China in its widespread funding of projects in Africa is also present here. The construction of the first line will cost close to US$700 million, and be entirely financed from the Chinese Export-Import Bank.[29] The first line is envisioned to be just one part of an eventual four line network, like other African cities, this project is attempting to reduce congestion and traffic for commuters. In order to make the light-rail ticket prices competitive, it will only be 500 Shillings, which is half the price of the ticket of the informal bus network that currently exists.[29] The trains are planned to have a capacity of 350 people, composed of three different classes.[30] It is expected that trains will run every 5–10 minutes, with a total daily ridership of 720,000.[29] Currently, around 70% of daily commuters travel by foot in Kampala, while others use informal buses and taxis.[31]

Mauritius

Port Louis-Metro Express is a rail network developed in 2016 on the island country of Mauritius. Upon the system's creation it envisioned to create a system that was accessible and environmentally friendly.[32] It is a smaller network in comparison to other African nations, but it is planned to have a total of 19 stations once completed. Once in peak service is its estimated to have a daily ridership of 55,000 people.[33] This project is being funded entirely by India, which is a sharp contrast to the continent, where France and China dominate investing in the rail sector.[33] The creation of the Port Louis-Metro Express is part of a larger strategy by the government of moving away from being dependent on Tourism, while also solving the worsening traffic situation on the island.[34]

Reunion

Reunion, an overseas French department off the coast of Madagascar, has some experience with light-rail. In 2010, a larger network was proposed, but ultimately canceled due to government funding and executive leadership turnover.[35] In 2019, a much smaller project has been proposed, due to be completed in 2022[needs update]; it will consist of 18 stations mainly linking coastal areas to the island's airport.[36]

Southern Africa

Angola

Luanda is the capital and largest city of Angola, which is the economic, political, and cultural center of the country. Luanda has two different forms of urban rail transit currently. Currently, part of Luanda's eastern suburbs are served by a regular commuter rail, that runs along existing rail infrastructure.[37] Much of the network was damaged extensively during the Angolan Civil War, so service is not as extensive as it could be, but a Chinese firm is contracted to continue the railway repairs.[37] A light-rail project is envisioned for Luanda proper, currently, the project just passed feasibility studies in 2019.[38] This project will complement the existing rail lines and connect more areas of Angola to Luanda, with a network of approximately 149 km of rail lines.[39] Funding for the project is unclear, but the government assures the financing has been secured at US$3 billion this is one of the more expensive light-rail projects on the continent.[39] In February 2020, the government signed a public-private partnership agreement with Siemens Mobility to begin the construction of the light-rail network.[39]

South Africa

Metrorail, X'Trapolis Mega in South Africa

South Africa has the most extensive urban rail network on the continent. Transnet is the national company that oversees all modes of transport, any railways in South Africa operate under that umbrella organization.[40] Urban rail or Metrorail is specifically underneath the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa or PRASA.[41] Metrorail is a national system with a total of 478 stations, this system though is divided into four different regions.[42] All major regions of the country have some form of Metrorail, for example the Gauteng Metrorail region corresponds to the Gauteng province.[43] This province is home to Johannesburg and Pretoria, the latter which is one of the three capitals of the South African state. Cape Town and other metro regions also have their respective Metrorail systems. Although Metrorail has extensive experience operating the network, in recent years it has come under the attack due to protests, labor strikes, and looting.[44][45]

Data Table

Country City System[46][47] Length
km 		Gauge Power Max
Speed
km/h 		Started Opened Lines Stations Population
millions
Metro 		Code Remarks
Algeria Algiers SNTF 126.50 1435 mm ??? 3 5.0 QQ hh
Algeria Algiers Algiers Metro 13 1435 mm 750 V DC TR-SC ??? 1987 2011 1 14 . AA kk
Algeria Algiers Algiers tramway 23.2 1435 mm OHW ??? 2011 1 38 . FF mm
Algeria Oran Oran tramway 18.7 1435 mm OHW ??? 2013 1 32 . FF mm
Algeria Constantine Constantine tramway 14.7 1435 mm OHW ??? 2013 1 15 . FF mm
Algeria Sidi Bel Abbès Sidi Bel Abbès tramway 13.74 1435 mm OHW ??? 2017 1 22 . FF mm
Algeria Ouargla Ouargla tramway 9.7 1435 mm OHW ??? 2018 1 16 . FF mm
Algeria Sétif Sétif tramway 22.4 1435 mm OHW ??? 2018 2 26 . FF mm
Angola Luanda-Viana-Catete Luanda Railway 65 1067 mm Diesel ??? 2010 1 14 6.5 AA cc
Angola Lobito Benguela railway 1067 mm Diesel ??? . BB oo
Angola Namibe Moçâmedes Railway 1067 mm Diesel km/h ; JJ dd
Benin Cotonou-Pahou Bénirail,
Blueline		 25 1000 mm Diesel ??? 2014 1 0.7 FF cc[48]
Egypt Alexandria Alexandria Tram 32 ??? 4.5 PP ff
Egypt Cairo Cairo Metro 78 1435 mm Electric ??? 1967 1987 3 61 10.2 CC jj
Egypt New Administrative Capital Cairo Light Rail Transit 70 1435 mm Electric ??? 2019 2022 1 12 ?? LR

[49]

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Addis Ababa Light Rail 32 1435 mm 750 V DC OHW km/h 2012 2015 2 39 ?? LR [50]
Ivory Coast Abidjan Abidjan Metro 37 1435 mm Electric 80 2017 1 13 4.3 AA cc[51]
Kenya Nairobi Nairobi rail service 160 1000 mm Diesel ??? 4 26 6.5 AA hh
Kenya Nairobi Nairobi Light Rail Electric LR nn
Kenya Mombasa 1435 mm ? ?? ??? Prpd 1.3 PP mm k
Kenya Kisumu 1435 mm ? ?? ??? Prpd 0.4 SS mm k
Morocco ONCF 3 kVDC OHW ??? 0 UU gg
Morocco Marrakesh Marrakesh tramway 0 1435 mm N/A ??? ! MM Proposed
Morocco Casablanca Casablanca tramway 31 1435 mm OHW ??? 2009 2012 1 48 4.2 MM rr
Morocco Rabat-Salé Rabat-Salé tramway 19 1435 mm OHW ??? 2011 31 2.1 NN uu
Nigeria Abuja Abuja Light Rail 45.2 1435 mm Diesel
then Electric		 80 ??? Jul 2018 2 12 6.0 LR
Nigeria Lagos Lagos Rail Mass Transit 1435 mm Electric TR ??? ??? 2 21.0 LR nn

[52]

Senegal Dakar-Thiès Petit train de banlieue 80 1000 mm Diesel ??? 1987 1 2.4 HH ee
Senegal Dakar Train Express Regional 54 1435 mm 25 kV AC 160 km/h 2016 2019 1 13 4.6 HK Airport

[53][54]

South Africa Gauteng Gautrain 80 1435 mm 25 kV AC OHW 160 to 180 km/h[55] 2006[56] 2010 2 10 14.3 GG zz
South Africa Gauteng Metrorail Gauteng - PRASA 1450[57] 1067 mm 3 kVDC OHW 90 km/h[57] 1887[58] 1889[59] 16 219 14.3 LR aa
South Africa Durban Metrorail KwaZulu-Natal - PRASA 270[57] 1067 mm 3 kVDC OHW 90 km/h[57] 1860[60] 1860 7 99 3.8 XX aa
South Africa Port Elizabeth Metrorail Eastern Cape - PRASA 31[57] 1067 mm Diesel 90 km/h 1873[60] 1873 1 10 1.2 XX aa
South Africa East London Metrorail Eastern Cape - PRASA 39[57] 1067 mm Diesel 90 km/h 1880[60] 1880 1 18 0.8 XX aa
South Africa Cape Town Metrorail Western Cape - PRASA 438[57] 1067 mm 3 kVDC OHW 90 km/h[57] 1863[60] 1863 5 127 3.7 XX aa
Tanzania Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam commuter rail 12
21		 1067 mm
1000 mm 		Diesel ??? 2012 2012 2
1		 4.3 CC zz
Tunisia Tunis Métro léger de Tunis 32 1435 mm 750 V DC OHW ??? 1981 1986 6 66 2.6 BB [61]
Uganda Kampala Kampala Capital City Authority,
Rift Valley Railways,
Uganda Railways Corporation		 12 1000 mm Diesel ??? 2015 2015 1 5 1.6 KK kk[62][63][64]
Uganda Kampala Greater Kampala Light Rail 35 1435 mm 750 V DC OHW 080 Prpd ? 4 1.6 LR Proposed

Legend

  • LR = Light Rail
  • OHW = Over head wiring.
  • TR-SC = Third Rail - Side Contact
  • TR = Third Rail
  • prpd = Proposed.
  • U/C= Under construction.

See also

References

  1. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > Africa > Ethiopia > Addis Ababa light rail". www.urbanrail.net. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  2. ^ a b Oumarou, Amadou (2015). "Rail Infrastructure in Africa" (PDF). African Development Bank Group: 54.
  3. ^ Oumarou, Amadou (2015). "Rail Infrastructure in Africa" (PDF). African Development Bank Group: 20.
  4. ^ Niedzielski, Michael A.; Malecki, Edward J. (November 2012). "Making Tracks: Rail Networks in World Cities". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 102 (6): 1409–1431. doi:10.1080/00045608.2011.601212. ISSN 0004-5608. S2CID 128621266.
  5. ^ a b c Hub, Global Infrastructure. "Cairo Metro Egypt". inclusiveinfra.gihub.org. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  6. ^ "Hyundai Rotem wins further Cairo metro train contract". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  7. ^ a b "UrbanRail.Net > Africa > Algeria > ALGIERS Metro". www.urbanrail.net. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  8. ^ "Public transport in Algiers: metro and tram – the capital's grand rail ambition". In Movement. 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  9. ^ "Moderniser et étendre le réseau de Métro léger de Tunis". www.afd.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  10. ^ Troin, Jean-François (2015-12-31). "Quand les " marges " territoriales, sociales et économiques bougent. Le rôle du métro et des tramways dans les métropoles maghrébines : quelques pistes de recherche". Les Cahiers d'EMAM. Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée (in French) (27). doi:10.4000/emam.1078. ISSN 1969-248X.
  11. ^ "World's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa". Euromonitor. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  12. ^ Aguochi, O.J.J (2004). Abuja: Birth of the colossus. Stirling Horden publishers.
  13. ^ "Abuja Nigeria". ftan.org.ng. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  14. ^ "Abuja Light Rail: Buhari Launches, Inspects Airport Terminal". Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  15. ^ "Abuja Rail Mass Transit takes off Thursday after 11 years". Businessday NG. 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  16. ^ Achirga, Abraham (18 July 2018). "Light rail line in Nigeria's capital opens to passengers". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  17. ^ Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (November 2014). "The Second Data Collection Survey on Mass Rapid Transit in the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). JICA: 3–5.
  18. ^ a b Olawepo, R. A. (December 2013). "Facilitating Urban Mass Transit through Expanded Transport Planning and Management: An Example from Lagos, Nigeria". Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Academic Conference: 1–9.
  19. ^ Alade, Taslim; Edelenbos, Jurian; Gianoli, Alberto (2019). "Adapting Urban Light-Rail Transport to the African Context: A Process Conducted by Transport Authorities and Chinese Rail Corporations in Addis-Ababa, Abuja, and Lagos". Urban Science. 3 (4): 109. doi:10.3390/urbansci3040109. hdl:1765/122132.
  20. ^ a b c d "Abidjan metro package approved". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  21. ^ "Uban transport plans for Abidjan progress". Oxford Business Group. 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  22. ^ "Abidjan". Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia: 1. 2018-01-01 – via EBSCO.
  23. ^ Humbert, Camille (2019-12-23). "Line 1 of the Abidjan metro network". Colas. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  24. ^ a b c "Douala tram project poised to launch". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  25. ^ Intégration (2019-01-30). "Transport urbain : bientôt un tramway à Douala". Journal Intégration (in French). Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  26. ^ "The Little Economy That Could: Tanzania's Frugal New Commuter Rail In Dar Es Salaam". International Business Times. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  27. ^ a b c d Mead, Nick Van (2019-01-08). "How an emerging African megacity cut commutes by two hours a day". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  28. ^ a b c d "The Challenge of Urban Mobility. A Case Study of Addis Ababa Light Rail, Ethiopia". www.ifri.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  29. ^ a b c "Ugandan capital embarks on light rail project". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  30. ^ "Light Rail Transit | SGR - Uganda". www.sgr.go.ug. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  31. ^ "From moving vehicles to moving people: Designing a mass public transportation system for Kampala". IGC. 2017-01-17. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  32. ^ "A Propos". Metro Express (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  33. ^ a b "Mauritius launches first phase of $525 million light rail system". Reuters. 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  34. ^ "Aurecon | Mauritius Metro Express Project". www.aurecongroup.com. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  35. ^ "Réunion Tram-Train in jeopardy". International Railway Journal. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  36. ^ "Consultation begins on Réunion tram project". International Railway Journal. 2019-08-27. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  37. ^ a b Redvers, Louise (2010-09-16). "Angola's railways back on track". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  38. ^ "Studies for Luanda's surface train concluded - Economy - Angola Press - ANGOP". Agencia Angola Press. October 17, 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  39. ^ a b c "Siemens Mobility builds Light Railway in Luanda, Angola – Macauhub". Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  40. ^ "About Us Overview". www.transnet.net. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  41. ^ "Organisational Structure | About Us | PRASA Corporate". www.prasa.com. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  42. ^ "Metrorail". www.metrorail.co.za. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  43. ^ "Metrorail". www.metrorail.co.za. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  44. ^ "We will not back down, say Prasa protesters". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  45. ^ "WATCH | Lockdown looting hits CT train tracks - even in broad daylight". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  46. ^ "urbanrail.net > metro - subway - light rail". www.urbanrail.net. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  47. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > News - subway, metro, light rail and tram openings all around the world". www.urbanrail.net. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  48. ^ Bollore
  49. ^ "Egypt secures $1.2 bln from China EximBank for light rail to new capital -minister". Railpage. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  50. ^ "Newly constructed light rail system in Ethiopia starts operation". Construction Review Online. 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  51. ^ "Abidjan Metro". Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  52. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > Africa > Nigeria > Lagos Metro".
  53. ^ "Engie and Thales to Build Rail System to Connect New Airport in Dakar". Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  54. ^ Railway Gazette International Sept 2016 p10
  55. ^ "Gautrain – a historical engineering landmark for SA like no other". Archived from the original on 2019-08-05.
  56. ^ "Gautrain Rapid Rail Link".
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h Retrieved 2017-09-01
  58. ^ Bruwer, Johann (March 2006). "The Development Of The Johannesburg Park Station Complex And Joubert Park Precinct: A Historic Perspective" (PDF). Osmond Lange Architects and Planners. Johannesburg Development Agency. p. 24. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  59. ^ [Bruwer, Johann (March 2006). "The Development Of The Johannesburg Park Station Complex And Joubert Park Precinct: A Historic Perspective" (PDF). Osmond Lange Architects and Planners. Johannesburg Development Agency. p. 24. Retrieved 27 March 2016.]
  60. ^ a b c d "The first railway line in South Africa, between Durban and the Point, is officially opened | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  61. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > Africa > Tunisia > TUNIS Métro léger".
  62. ^ Railways Africa 3/2015 pg20
  63. ^ "KCCA tests passenger train | Monitor". 18 January 2021.
  64. ^ "- KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY | for a better City".

Further reading

  • Gauthier, Aimee; Weinstock, Annie (2010-10-13). "Africa Transforming Paratransit into BRT". Built Environment. 36 (3): 317–327. doi:10.2148/benv.36.3.317. ISSN 0263-7960.