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Viceroy of Kush

Viceroy of Kush in hieroglyphs
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Sa-nisut-n-Kush
Sꜣ-nswt-n-Kꜣš
King's Son of Kush

The former Kingdom of Kerma in Nubia was a province of ancient Egypt from the 16th century BCE to 11th century BCE. During this period, the region was ruled by a viceroy who reported directly to the Egyptian Pharaoh.

Initially the position was titled "King's Son of the Southern Countries" and "King's Son, Overseer of the Southern Foreign Countries" but by the reign of Thutmose IV the title "King's Son of Kush" appears and becomes standard.[1]

The viceroy was responsible for overseeing the area north of the Third Cataract, which was divided into Wawat in the north, centered at Aniba, and Kush in the south, centered at Soleb during the 18th Dynasty and later at Amara West. They were supported in this task by two deputies, a number of scribes, an overseer of cattle, and the priests of local Egyptian built temples.[1][2]

Paintings in the tomb of Amenhotep Huy in the Theban necropolis depict some of the activities of a viceroy including overseeing the collection and tallying of tribute, and the delivery of said tribute by boat to the pharaoh in Thebes.[3][1]

Use of the title King's Son of Kush seems to have lapsed after Piankh, who led an unsuccessful campaign against his rebellious predecessor Pinehesy, and Piankh's successor Herihor. After this point the title is rarely attested, and then outside of Nubia, for example for Neskhons (A), the wife of Pinedjem II who was named 'Superintendent of Southern Foreign Lands and Viceroy Kush' for unclear reasons.[1][4] The title of King's Son of Kush appeared with some frequency in the later 22nd Dynasty and one of its Upper-Egyptian branches (often called the 23rd Dynasty), apparently designating important officials (several of them from within the royal family) stationed at Elephantine on the southern border of Egypt proper rather than effective administrators of the Nubian regions farther south.[5]

List of viceroys

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Below is a list of viceroys mainly based on a list assembled by George Reisner, supplemented by Frédéric Payraudeau's prosopographical research of Theban officialdom.

Name Dynasty King (Pharaoh) Comment
Ahmose called Si-Tayit 18th Dynasty Ahmose I[6] Possibly the first viceroy.
Ahmose called Turo 18th Dynasty Amenhotep I and Thutmose I Son of Ahmose called Si-Tayit.
Seni 18th Dynasty Thutmose I and Thutmose II.
Penre 18th Dynasty Hatshepsut and Thutmose III.
Inebny called Amenemnekhu Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Hatshepsut and Thutmose III First attested in year 18, and serving until about year 22.
Nehi 18th Dynasty Thutmose III Attested in year 22 or 23 of Tuthmose III.
Usersatet 18th Dynasty Amenhotep II
Amenhotep 18th Dynasty Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III
Merymose 18th Dynasty Amenhotep III
Tuthmosis 18th Dynasty Akhenaten
Amenhotep called Huy 18th Dynasty Tutankhamun Buried in TT40.
Paser (i) 18th Dynasty Ay and Horemheb Son of the viceroy Amenhotep called Huy.
Amenemopet 19th Dynasty Seti I and Ramesses II Son of Paser (i) and grandson of Amenhotep Huy.
Yuny 19th Dynasty Ramesses II Served as head of the stable under Sety I and was later promoted to viceroy.[7]
Heqanakht 19th Dynasty Ramesses II
Paser (ii) 19th Dynasty Ramesses II Son of the High Priest of Min and Isis named Minmose; related to the family of Parennefer called Wennefer.
Huy 19th Dynasty Ramesses II[8] He may have served either before or after Setau. Huy was also Mayor of Tjarw and a royal messenger to the Hatti. According to an inscription, he escorted Queen Maathorneferure from Hatti to Egypt.
Setau 19th Dynasty Ramesses II
Anhotep 19th Dynasty Ramesses II[8] Buried in TT300.
Mernudjem 19th Dynasty Possibly a viceroy under Ramesses II.[8]
Khaemtir 19th Dynasty Merneptah[9]
Messuy 19th Dynasty Merneptah, perhaps Amenmesse, and Seti II Possibly the future king Amenmesse.[10]
Seti 19th Dynasty Siptah
Hori (i) 20th Dynasty Setnakhte Son of Kama.
Hori (ii) 20th Dynasty Ramesses III and Ramesses IV Son of Hori I
Siese 20th Dynasty Ramesses VI
Nahihor 20th Dynasty Ramesses VII and perhaps Ramesses VIII
Wentawat 20th Dynasty Ramesses IX Son of Nahihor.
Ramessesnakht 20th Dynasty Ramesses IX[11][12][not specific enough to verify] Son of Wentawat.
Pinehesy 20th Dynasty Ramesses XI Played a role in suppressing the High Priest of Amun Amenhotep.
Setmose 20th Dynasty Ramesses XI[13]
Piankh 20th Dynasty Ramesses XI Also the High Priest of Amun.
Herihor 20th Dynasty /
21st Dynasty 		Ramesses XI Also the High Priest of Amun and subsequently king in Thebes.
Akheperre 21st Dynasty Menkheperre The el-Hibeh archive mentions Akheperre who is a Third Prophet of Amun and a viceroy of Kush.[14]
Neskhons (A) 21st Dynasty Siamun Daughter of the High Priest of Amun Smendes II and Tahentdjehuti, and wife of the High Priest of Amun Pinedjem II, her uncle. Died in c. 972 BC and buried in the cache in DB320.[15]
[Anonymous]
son of Nimlot (C?) 		22nd Dynasty Osorkon II The name is lost, but his father might be the king's son Nimlot (C).[16]
Hatnakhte
(or Nimlot?) 		22nd Dynasty /
23rd Dynasty 		Takelot II The reading of the name is uncertain.[17]
Pamiu (ii) 22nd Dynasty /
23rd Dynasty 		Osorkon III Also Vizier and Third Prophet of Amun. The title of viceroy is attested on the coffin of his great-grandson Padiamonet (iii).[14][18]
Ankh-Osorkon (A) 22nd Dynasty /
23rd Dynasty 		Takelot III Also Vizier. Son of Djedptahiufankh, the brother of Takelot III and son of Osorkon III.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Valbelle, Dominique (2020). "Egyptian Conquest and Administration of Nubia". In Emberling, Geoff; Williams, Bruce (eds.). The Oxford handbook of Ancient Nubia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-049627-2.
  2. ^ Edwards, David N. (2004). "Lower Nubia in the New Kingdom". The Nubian Past. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415369886.
  3. ^ "The tomb of Huy, viceroy of Nubia in the reign of Tutʻankhamūn (no. 40) copied in line and colour by Nina de Garis Davies and with explanatory text by Alan H. ... v.4". HathiTrust. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
  4. ^ Edwards, David (2004). The Nubian Past. Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 106, 117. ISBN 9780415369886.
  5. ^ Payraudeau 2014: 370.
  6. ^ Edwards, The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3, 2000, pg 299 and 348
  7. ^ Reisner, George A. (April 1920). "The Viceroys of Ethiopia (Continued)". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 6 (2): 73–88. doi:10.1177/030751332000600110.
  8. ^ a b c Kitchen, K. A. (1996). Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated: Translations. Vol. III. Blackwell.
  9. ^ Dodson (2010). Poisoned Legacy: The Fall of the Nineteenth Egyptian Dynasty. American University in Cairo Press.
  10. ^ Dodson 2010: 37-40.
  11. ^ Budka 2017: 38.
  12. ^ P. Pamminger, Göttinger Miszellen 137 (1993), 79–86
  13. ^ Bohleke, Briant (1985). "An Ex Voto of the Previously Unrecognized Viceroy Setmose". Göttinger Miszellen. 85: 13–24.
  14. ^ a b Gerard P.F. Broekman, The Leading Theban Priests of Amun and their Families under Libyan Rule, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 96 (2010), pp. 125-148
  15. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 200-201, 207; Payraudeau 2014: 370, n. 265 (wrongly described as "daughter of Pinedjem II").
  16. ^ Payraudeau 2014: 369, 616.
  17. ^ Payraudeau 2014: 534-535.
  18. ^ Payraudeau 2014: 178, 188, 225, 227, 249, 2370, 457-458.
  19. ^ Payraudeau 2014: 128, 179, 370, 430-431.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bohleke, Briant 1985, "An Ex Voto of the Previously Unrecognized Viceroy Setmose," Göttinger Miszellen 85: 13–24.
  • Broekman, Gerard P. F. 2010, "The Leading Theban Priests of Amun and their Families under Libyan Rule," Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 96: 125-148.
  • Budka, Julia 2017, "Constructing royal authority in New Kingdom towns in Nubia: some thoughts based on inscribed monuments from private residences," in: Tamás A. Bács & Horst Beinlich (eds.), Constructing Authority: Prestige, Reputation and the Perception of Power in Egyptian Kingship. 8. Symposion zur ägyptischen Königsideologie, Budapest, May 12-14, 2016, Wiesbaden: 29-45.
  • Dodson, Aidan, and Dyan Hilton 2004, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, London.
  • Dodson, Aidan 2010, Poisoned Legacy: The Fall of the Nineteenth Egyptian Dynasty, Cairo.
  • Payraudeau, Frédéric 2014, Administration, société et pouvoir à Thèbes sous la XXIIe dynastie bubastide, Cairo.
  • Reisner, George A. 1920, "The Viceroys of Ethiopia," Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 6: 28-55, 73-88.