Diammonium phosphate

Diammonium phosphate[1]
Names
IUPAC name
diammonium hydrogen phosphate
Other names
ammonium monohydrogen phosphate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate dibasic
Identifiers
CAS Number
  • 7783-28-0 checkY
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:63051
ChemSpider
  • 22946 checkY
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.079 Edit this at Wikidata
E number E342(ii) (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID
  • 24540
UNII
  • 10LGE70FSU checkY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID6029705 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI
  • InChI=1S/2H3N.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1H3;(H3,1,2,3,4) checkY
    Key: MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/2H3N.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1H3;(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-1
    Key: MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-REWHXWOFAG
  • [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O
Properties
Chemical formula
 (NH4)2HPO4
Molar mass 132.06 g/mol
Appearance colorless monoclinic crystals
Density 1.619 g/cm3
Melting point 155 °C (311 °F; 428 K) decomposes
Solubility in water
 57.5 g/100 mL (10 °C)
106.7 g/100 mL (70 °C)
Solubility insoluble in alcohol, acetone and liquid ammonia
1.52
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)
 −1566.91 kJ/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
1
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0217
Related compounds
Other anions
 Monoammonium phosphate
Triammonium phosphate
Other cations
 Disodium phosphate
Dipotassium phosphate
Related compounds
 Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Chemical compound

Diammonium phosphate (DAP; IUPAC name diammonium hydrogen phosphate; chemical formula (NH4)2(HPO4) is one of a series of water-soluble ammonium phosphate salts that can be produced when ammonia reacts with phosphoric acid.

Solid diammonium phosphate shows a dissociation pressure of ammonia as given by the following expression and equation:[2]

(NH4)2HPO4(s) ⇌ NH3(g) + (NH4)H2PO4(s)

At 100 °C, the dissociation pressure of diammonium phosphate is approximately 5 mmHg.[3]

According to the diammonium phosphate MSDS from CF Industries, Inc., decomposition starts as low as 70 °C: "Hazardous Decomposition Products: Gradually loses ammonia when exposed to air at room temperature. Decomposes to ammonia and monoammonium phosphate at around 70 °C (158 °F). At 155 °C (311 °F), DAP emits phosphorus oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia."

Uses

DAP is used as a fertilizer.[4] When applied as plant food, it temporarily increases the soil pH, but over a long term the treated ground becomes more acidic than before, upon nitrification of the ammonium. It is incompatible with alkaline chemicals because its ammonium ion is more likely to convert to ammonia in a high-pH environment. The average pH in solution is 7.5–8.[5] The typical formulation is 18-46-0 (18% N, 46% P2O5, 0% K2O).[5]

DAP can be used as a fire retardant. It lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and causes an increase in the production of residue or char.[6] These are important effects in fighting wildfires as lowering the pyrolysis temperature and increasing the amount of char formed reduces that amount of available fuel and can lead to the formation of a firebreak. It is the largest component of some popular commercial firefighting products and is the ingredient in "fire retardant" cigarettes.[7]

DAP is also used as a yeast nutrient in winemaking and mead-making; as an additive in some brands of cigarettes purportedly as a nicotine enhancer; to prevent afterglow in matches, in purifying sugar; as a flux for soldering tin, copper, zinc and brass; and to control precipitation of alkali-soluble and acid-insoluble colloidal dyes on wool.[1]

Natural occurrence

The compound occurs in the nature as the exceedingly rare mineral phosphammite.[8][9] The related dihydrogen compound occurs as the mineral biphosphammite.[10][9] Both are related to guano deposits.[8][10]

References

  1. ^ a b Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8
  2. ^ John R Van Wazer (1958). Phosphorus And Its Compounds - Volume I: Chemistry. New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc. p. 503.
  3. ^ McKetta Jr, John J., ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design (Chemical Processing and Design Encyclopedia). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 478. ISBN 0-8247-2485-2.
  4. ^ IPNI. "Diammonium Phosphate" (PDF). www.ipni.net. International Plant Nutrition Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  5. ^ a b International Plant Nutrition Institute. "Nutrient Source Specifics: Diammonium Phosphate" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  6. ^ George, C.W.; Susott, R.A. (April 1971). "Effects of Ammonium Phosphate and Sulfate on the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulose". Research Paper INT-90. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: USDA Forest Service. OL 16022833M.
  7. ^ Phos-Chek MSDS[permanent dead link], Phos-Chek website
  8. ^ a b "Phosphammite". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  9. ^ a b "List of Minerals". www.ima-mineralogy.org. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  10. ^ a b "DAP Fertilizer". thesciencepool.com. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.

External links

  • International Chemical Safety Card 0217
  • v
  • t
  • e
Ammonium salts
Inorganic salts
monatomic anions
  • NH4F
  • (NH4)2S
  • NH4Cl
  • (NH4)2Se
  • NH4Br
  • NH4I
oxyanions
  • NH4NO2
  • NH4NO3
  • (NH4)2CO3
  • (NH4)4UO2(CO3)2
  • (NH4)HCO3
  • NH4OCN
  • (NH4)3PO4
  • (NH4)2HPO4
  • (NH4)H2PO4
  • (NH4PO4)n(OH)2
  • NH4NaHPO4
  • (NH4)2SO3
  • (NH4)2SO4
  • (NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O
  • (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O
  • NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O
  • NH4SO3NH2
  • (NH4)HSO4
  • (NH4)2S2O8
  • (NH4)2S2O3
  • NH4ClO3
  • NH4ClO4
  • NH4VO3
  • (NH4)2CrO4
  • (NH4)2Cr2O7
  • NH4MnO4
  • (NH4)3AsO4
  • (NH4)2MoO4
  • (NH4)6Mo7O24
  • (NH4)3Mo12PO40
  • NH4IO3
  • (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
  • (NH4)8Ce2(SO4)8·4H2O
  • (NH4)10H2W12O42·4H2O
  • NH4ReO4
other anions
  • NH4BF4
  • NH4N3
  • NH4CN
  • (NH4)HF2
  • (NH4)3AlF6
  • (NH4)SiF6
  • (NH4)HS
  • NH4SCN
  • (NH4)2ZnCl4
  • (NH4)2MoS4
  • NH4I3
  • (NH4)2TeCl6
  • (NH4)2IrCl6
  • (NH4)2PtCl6
Organic salts
  • v
  • t
  • e
H3PO4 He
Li3PO4 Be BPO4
+BO3 		C (NH4)3PO4
-N 		O +F Ne
Na3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 AlPO4 Si P +SO4
-S 		Cl Ar
K3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 ScPO4 Ti VPO4 CrPO4 Mn3(PO4)2
MnPO4 		Fe3(PO4)2
FePO4 		Co3(PO4)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Cu3(PO4)2 Zn3(PO4)2 GaPO4 Ge As -Se Br Kr
Rb3PO4 Sr3(PO4)2 YPO4 Zr3(PO4)4 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag3PO4 Cd3(PO4)2 InPO4 Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 * LuPO4 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuPO4 Hg Tl3PO4 Pb3(PO4)2 BiPO4 Po At Rn
Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
 
* LaPO4 CePO4 PrPO4 NdPO4 PmPO4 SmPO4 EuPO4 GdPO4 TbPO4 DyPO4 HoPO4 ErPO4 TmPO4 YbPO4
** AcPO4 Th3(PO4)4 Pa U(PO4)2 Np PuPO4 AmPO4 CmPO4 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No