Place in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco
35°9′43″N 6°4′13″W / 35.16194°N 6.07028°W / 35.16194; -6.07028| Country |  Morocco |
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| Region | Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima |
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The Graciosa fortress was established on the coast of Morocco by the Portuguese in 1489. It was established on a small river island, about three leagues from the sea, at the junction of river Lucus (Wadi Lukkus) and river el-Mekhazen (Oued Makhazine), a few kilometers inland from modern Larache. The island had been yielded to the Portuguese by Abu Zakariya Muhammad al-Saih al-Mahdi through a treaty following the Portuguese capture of Arzila.
The fortress was built in February 1489 by Gaspar Jusarte. In May, a second fleet led by D. Pedro de Castelo Branco reached the island, and Diogo Fernandes de Almeida was named governor.
Abu Zakariya Muhammad al-Saih al-Mahdi attacked the island to dislodge the Portuguese. After the Moroccan had blocked the river with trees, the Portuguese in Graciosa fortress had to capitulate. By the Treaty of Xamez, signed on August 27, 1489, they evacuated the island. The Portuguese thus did not resist long in Graciosa, and the Moroccans soon founded Larache at the mouth of the river.[1]
Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized 6 Moroccan towns, and built 6 stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of these stand-alone fortresses only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), São João da Mamora (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506–10) and Aguz (1520-25). Two of them were to become permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir, founded in 1505-06), and Mazagan (Mazagão) founded in 1514-17. The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.[2]
See also
- Morocco-Portugal relations
Notes
- ^ History of Portugal: pamphlet collection p.228
- ^ City walls: the urban enceinte in global perspective James D. Tracy p.352
Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese Empire
| Africa | | North Africa | |
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| Gold Coast | - Santiago (Ghana)
- Santo António (Ghana)
- São Francisco Xavier (Ghana)
- São João Baptista (Benin)
- São Jorge (Ghana)
- São Sebastião (Ghana)
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São Tomé and
Príncipe | - Santo António
- São Jerónimo
- São Sebastião
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| Cape Verde | - D'El-Rei
- Duque de Bragança
- Principe Real
- São Filipe
- São José
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| Guinea-Bissau | |
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| Angola | |
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| East Africa | - Jesus (Kenya)
- Santiago (Tanzania)
| Mozambique | - Manica Fort
- Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Inhambane
- Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Lourenço Marques
- Princesa Amélia
- Santo António
- São Caetano
- São João Baptista
- São José de Mossuril
- São José do Ibo
- São Lourenço
- São Marçal
- São Miguel
- São Sebastião
- São Tiago Maior
- Quelimane Fort
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| America | | Brazil | - Nossa Senhora do Monserrate
- Nossa Senhora da Assunção
- Nossa Senhora da Conceição
- Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres
- Nossa Senhora dos Remédios
- Presépio
- Príncipe da Beira
- Reis Magos
- Santa Cruz da Barra
- Santa Cruz de Anhatomirim
- Santa Cruz de Itamaracá
- Santa Cruz do Paraguaçu
- São João
- São José da Ponta Grossa
- São José de Macapá
- Nossa Senhora dos Remédios
- Santa Catarina
- Santa Maria
- Santo António Além do Carmo
- Santo António da Barra
- Santo Inácio de Tamandaré
- São Diogo
- São Domingos de Gragoatá
- São João Baptista do Brum
- São João da Bertioga
- São Lourenço
- São Luís
- São Marcelo
- São Mateus do Cabo Frio
- São Tiago das Cinco Pontas
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| Uruguay | |
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| Asia | |
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Portuguese name in italics and geographical location (between parenthesis) |
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North Africa |
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| 15th century | 1415–1640 | Ceuta | | 1458–1550 | Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) | | 1471–1550 | Arzila (Asilah) | | 1471–1662 | Tangier | | 1485–1550 | Mazagan (El Jadida) | | 1487–16th century | Ouadane | | 1488–1541 | Safim (Safi) | | 1489 | Graciosa |
| 16th century | 1505–1541 | Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) | | 1506–1525 | Mogador (Essaouira) | | 1506–1525 | Aguz (Souira Guedima) | | 1506–1769 | Mazagan (El Jadida) | | 1513–1541 | Azamor (Azemmour) | | 1515–1541 | São João da Mamora (Mehdya) | | 1577–1589 | Arzila (Asilah) |
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Sub-Saharan Africa |
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| 15th century | 16th century | 17th century 18th century 19th century | |
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Middle East [Persian Gulf] |
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| 16th century | 17th century | |
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South Asia |
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| 15th century | 1498–1545 | Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep) |
16th century
Portuguese India | • 1500–1663 | Cochim (Kochi) | | • 1501–1663 | Cannanore (Kannur) | | • 1502–1658
1659–1661 | Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam) | | • 1502–1661 | Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima) | | • 1507–1657 | Negapatam (Nagapatnam) | | • 1510–1961 | Goa | | • 1512–1525
1750 | Calicut
(Kozhikode) | | • 1518–1619 | Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat) | | • 1521–1740 | Chaul |
| | | (Portuguese India) | | • 1523–1662 | Mylapore | | • 1528–1666 | Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala) | | • 1531–1571 | Chaul | | • 1531–1571 | Chalé | | • 1534–1601 | Salsette Island | | • 1534–1661 | Bombay (Mumbai) | | • 1535 | Ponnani | | • 1535–1739 | Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) | | • 1536–1662 | Cranganore (Kodungallur) | | • 1540–1612 | Surat | | • 1548–1658 | Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) | | • 1559–1961 | Daman and Diu | | • 1568–1659 | Mangalore |
| | | (Portuguese India) | | • 1579–1632 | Hugli | | • 1598–1610 | Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) |
17th century
Portuguese India 18th century
Portuguese India | |
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East Asia and Oceania |
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| 16th century 17th century | 19th century
Portuguese Macau 20th century
Portuguese Macau | • 1938–1941 | Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) |
| - 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
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North America & North Atlantic |
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| 15th century [Atlantic islands] | 16th century [Canada] | | |
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South America & Caribbean |
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| 16th century | 17th century 18th century | 19th century | 1808–1822 | Cisplatina (Uruguay) | | 1809–1817 | Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) | | 1822 | Upper Peru (Bolivia) |
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Morocco
Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese Empire
