Hruso language

Language

Hruso
Angka(e), Gusso, Hrusso, Tenae
Aka
Native to	Arunachal Pradesh, India
Region	Southeast Kameng, Bichom River Valley
Ethnicity	Hruso
Native speakers	3,000 (2007)^[1] perhaps including Levai
Language family	possibly Sino-Tibetan, or a language isolate Hrusish? Hruso
Dialects	Levai?
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`hru`
Glottolog	`hrus1242`
ELP	Hruso

Hruso, also known as Aka (Angka), is a language of Arunachal Pradesh India. Long assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan language, it may actually be a language isolate.^[2]^[3] It is spoken by 3,000 people in 21 villages in Thrizino Circle, West Kameng District.^[2] The Hruso people inhabit areas of South East Kameng and are concentrated in the Bichom River Valley, and speak English, Hindi, and Miji in addition to Hruso.^[1]

Bangru (Ləvai), spoken on the Tibetan border, might be related to Hruso, but it seems more likely that it is a dialect of Miji.^[2]

Locations

According to the Ethnologue, Hruso is spoken in the following villages of Thrizino circle, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, in India.

Jamiri
Husigaon
Gohainthan
Buragaon
Karangonia
Raindogonia
Yayom
Gijiri
Dijungonia
Tulu
Palatari
Raghupam
Tania
Khuppi
Bhalukpong
Balipho
Palizi

Hruso is also spoken in Pisang village, Seppa circle, East Kameng district.

Status

Ethnologue lists the language as 6b, or "threatened", The same can be said on another example, where ELP, or Endangered Languages Project, with a 20% certainty also lists it as "threatened."

Dialects/varieties

The book Hruso by Robert Shafer, notes the two dialects that Hruso is divided into. The first one is known to be recorded by Campbell and the second dialect is known to be recorded by Anderson, Hesslmeyer, and Payne. Also Dialect A has some differentiation in vocabulary when compared to Dialect B. Dialect A is also known to be briefly recorded and is more archaic than dialect B which has very little recording evidence behind it.

Dialects A 1 Anderson hhu, k' k'ii "water ", Hess. xu. And. diaha (p. 9), diak'a (17) " to-morrow ". And. yo " to-day ", ya " now ". And. k'sesi " goat " (6), k's8 (18), H. kisie, P. k'esi, k'isi. Camp. gle " foot ", P. -ksi, si-, si, And. -si, H. si. 2 To chew; p. 17, to eat. 3 In na-yu "ear emerald ". 4 The consonant seems to be palatalized in this root in some languages and the vowel perhaps umlauted, both perhaps due to the following *-s. But these languages are too poorly recorded to form a basis for a conclusion.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Hruso at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b ^c Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Hruso". Glottolog 4.3.
^ Shafer, Robert (1 January 1947). "Hruso". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 12 (1): 184–196. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00079994. JSTOR 608994. S2CID 246637851.

Blench, Roger. 2018. The Hruso language: grammar sketch and wordlist.

External links

Endangered Languages.com
Simon, I.M. (1993) Aka language guide
ELAR collection: Documentation and Description of the Hrusso Aka Language of Arunachal Pradesh deposited by Vijay D'Souza

Primary language families

Africa

Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan? Tuu Mande? Songhay? Ijaw? Ubangian? Kadu?
Isolates	Bangime Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)

Afroasiatic Ainu Austroasiatic Austronesian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dravidian Eskaleut Great Andamanese Hmong–Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Japonic Kartvelian Koreanic Kra–Dai Mongolic Nivkh Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Ongan Sino-Tibetan Tungusic Turkic Tyrsenian Uralic Yeniseian Yukaghir Digaro? Hrusish? Kho-Bwa? Mijiic? Miju? Siangic?
Isolates	Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Kenaboi? Kusunda Minoan? Nihali Shompen? Sumerian Tambora?

Isolates

New Guinea
and the Pacific

Arai–Samaia Austronesian Binanderean–Goilalan Border Bulaka River Central Solomons Chimbu–Wahgi Demta–Sentani Doso–Turumsa East Geelvink Bay East New Britain East Strickland Eleman Engan Fas Foja Range Kaure–Kosare Kiwaian Kutubuan Lakes Plain Lower Mamberamo Lower Sepik Madang Mairasi North Bougainville Pauwasi Ramu Senagi Senu River Sepik Skou South Bougainville Teberan Torricelli Trans-Fly Trans–New Guinea Turama–Kikorian Upper Yuat West Papuan Yam Yawa Yuat Northwest Papuan? Papuan Gulf?
Isolates	Abinomn Abun Anêm? Ata? Kol Kuot Maybrat Mpur Pawaia Porome Sulka? Taiap? Tambora? Wiru

Isolates

Australia

Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Bunuban Darwin Region? Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Marrku–Wurrugu? Mirndi Northern Tasmanian Northeastern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly? Tangkic Wagaydyic Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?
Isolates	Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi

North
America

Algic Alsea Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Keres Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yukian Yuman–Cochimí
Isolates	Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni

Mesoamerica

Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan
Isolates	Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America

Andoque–Urequena Arauan Araucanian Arawakan Arutani–Sape Aymaran Barbacoan Boran Cahuapanan Cariban Catacaoan Chapacuran Charruan Chibchan Choco Chonan Guaicuruan Guajiboan Harákmbut–Katukinan Jirajaran Jivaroan Katembri–Taruma Mascoian Matacoan Nadahup Nambikwaran Otomákoan Pano-Tacanan Peba–Yaguan Quechuan Piaroa–Saliban Ticuna–Yuri Timotean Tiniguan Tucanoan Tupian Uru–Chipaya Witotoan Yanomaman Zamucoan Zaparoan Bora-Witoto? Chimuan? Esmeralda–Yaruro? Hibito–Cholón? Lule–Vilela? Macro-Jê? Tequiraca–Canichana?
Isolates (extant in 2000)	Aikanã? Alacalufan Camsá Candoshi Chimane Chiquitano Cofán? Fulniô Guató Hodï/Joti Irantxe? Itonama Kunza Leco Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude) Movima Mura-Pirahã Nukak? Páez Puinave Huaorani/Waorani Trumai Urarina Warao Yamana Yuracaré