East Strickland languages
Language family of Papua New Guinea
| East Strickland | |
|---|---|
| Strickland River | |
| Geographic distribution | Strickland River region, Western Province and South Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Papuan Gulf ?
|
| Glottolog | east2433 |
 Map: The East Strickland languages of New Guinea The East Strickland languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
The East Strickland or Strickland River languages are a family of Papuan languages.
Languages
The East Strickland languages actually form a language continuum.[1] Shaw (1986) recognizes six languages, which are:[2][3]
- Upper: Fembe (Agala), Konai
- Odoodee (Tomu)
- Central/Middle: Gobasi (Nomad), Kubo, Samo (Daba)
Gobasi, Odoodee and Samo, but especially Gobasi, are also known as "Nomad".
Pronouns
Pronouns are:
sg du pl 1 *na, *ã *o-li, *a-la *oi 2 *nõ *nĩ-le *nĩ 3 *yõ *i-le *yã, *di
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970),[4] Shaw (1973),[5] and Shaw (1986),[6] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[7]
| gloss | Fembe | Gobasi (Oibae dialect) | Gobasi (Bibo dialect) | Gobasi (Honibo dialect) | Gobasi | Konai | Kubo | Odoodee (Hesif dialect) | Odoodee (Kalamo dialect) | Samo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | widua; wɔdiɔ | ulugib | ukib; ulukib | uligib | ulʌkib | wudio | odiu; wodio; wodiyo | uľugi | wiligi | ukibi; ulagibi; ulʌgibi |
| hair | wigiduae; wɔdiɔ tɔwɔ | orɔwɔ | otowa; tawa | utoʌ; utowa | o dɔsɔ | wudio towe | tɔwɛ; wodio toi; wodiyo toi | uľu tu | wudu | otowa; tawa; ulʌgibi |
| ear | du | dulu | dul; duːr | dulu | dulo | kʌhẽ | du; duwëw | dulu | dulu | duli; duːri |
| eye | d̲iho; gihã | hiɔ | hĩãwã; hio̧w | hiɔ; hiyo | hiɔ̃ | dihɔ | diəhã; diho̧; dihō | hɔwɔ̃ | hɔ̃wɔ̃ | hĩãwã; hĩɔwɔ; hi̧yowo |
| nose | go; migiyao | mi | mina; mini | mi̧ni; mĩni | mina | mɔkwã | mi | mɔdu | mudu | mini; mi̧ni; mĩnĩ |
| tooth | maeow; meyɔ | mɔɛ | mo̧i | moi; mɔi | mɔi | mẽ | mɔ̃yə̃; moyo; mɔyɔ | mei | mɛ̃ | mɔ̃yə̃; moyo̧; mɔ̃yɔ̃ |
| tongue | e; i | ilɪ | il(i); iri | ili | ili | i | i; iː | i | i | mȩnema̧ni; mẽnɛmãnĩ; meremai |
| leg | abogo; ɔbɔgɔ̃ | hɔm | homo | hom; hɔm | hɔma | ɔbɔgɔ̃ | obogo; ɔbɔgɔ | hɔmɔ | hɔmɔ̃ | homo; hɔmɔ̃ |
| louse | ou; ɔ̃u | ɔm | om | om | om | ɔ̃u | o̧u̧; oū | ɔu | õu | o̧u̧; õu; õw |
| dog | sɔ; sou | sɔf | sof; sɔf | sof; sɔf | sɔf | sɔ | so; sɔ | sɔ | sɔ | sɔfo; sofu; sɔfu |
| pig | wai | bɔɛ | bɔi | bɔi | wai | ʔo | bɛ | be | bɔyɔ | |
| bird | siu; siyɔ | sikɪ | sigo | si | sigɔ | siɔ | siu; siyu | ɔsigɔ | sɔʔ | sigo; sigɔ |
| egg | sioho; siyɔ hɔ | si kɔlɔ | holo | hol; si hɔl | wigɔ hɔlɔ | siɔ hɔ | hoo; siu ho | sɔʔ hɔ | sɔʔ hɔ | holo; sigɔ hɔlɔ |
| blood | iyou; ɔyɔ | sʌh | so̧ho̧u | sahau | sõho | kafi | ayo | sãwɔ̃ | kegãye | ayo; ayu |
| bone | dio; diɔ | kiːp | kib; kiːb; kibi | kib | kib | diɔ | dio; diu; diyo | ki | ki | kibi |
| skin | golo; kɔ̃fɔ̃ya | kɔrɔᵽ | kiari; sib | kolof; kɔlɔf | kɔlɔf | kɔlɔ | kolo; kɔlɔ; kɔrɔ | kulɔ | kɔlɔ | kolofu; kɔlɔfu; kɔrɔfu; sibi |
| breast | bu | tɔ̃ː | tol; tor | bu | tɔnu | bu | bu | tɔ̃ | to | bu |
| tree | habe; hebẽ | hɔmɔlɔ | homu | homol; hɔmɔl | hɔmɔ̃n | hʌbe | home; hɔme | hɔmɔ | hɔmɔ | hɔmãnẽ; home |
| man | o; or | ɔs | os | os | os | ɔ | o | ɔľu | ɔlɔga | oso; ouson |
| woman | dobas̲ie; sʌbɔ sãi | uliɔ | uliya | uliʌ; uliya | uliʌ | sʌsai | sobo; sɔbɔ | subɔ | sɔbɔ | sobo; sɔbɔ |
| sun | aso; ʌsɔ̃ | ɔ̃s | a̧s; ãs | o̧s; õːs | õs | ʌsɔ | ãsã; o̧so̧; ōsō | ɔsugɔ | osigɔ̃ | ãsã; oso̧; ɔ̃sɔ̃ |
| moon | ʌgwa; oguao | ɔgɔ | aib | ɔgwʌ; ogwa | ogɔ | ʌgwɔ | ogwʌ; ogwa | a | nɔ̃ligɔ | ogwʌ; ogwa |
| water | hoi; hwɔ̃e | hɔu | hãu; ho̧u̧ | hãũ; ho̧u̧ | hõ | hwẽi | hũi; hũĩ; hwi̧; hwī | hɔ̃wɔ̃ | hɔ̃wɔ̃ | hõ; ho̧u̧; hũ |
| fire | dou; dɔu | dɔlu | dau; dolu | dolu; dɔlu | dɔbu | dou | dou; dɔu; dow | dɔu | dɔu | dolo; dɔlɔ; dɔrɔ |
| stone | yaw; yɔu | yɔ | yo | yo | yo | yo | yo; yɔ | yɔ | yo | yo |
| road, path | ori | ai | ari | |||||||
| name | hũ; husolo | hũ | hu̧ti; hũti | hũni | hũ | hũ; hu̧ti; hũti | hũ | hũ; hu̧ti; hũti | ||
| eat | nale; nɔlu | nɔwal | na- | nowal; nɔwal | nɔwalaga | nɔlu | na; naiɔ; naiyo | nelaːbugɔ | nãye | na; na̧la; nãla |
| one | dano; sisãfe | helɛ | dob | helehai | hele | tano | tano; tanɔ | hɔmakɔna | dihɔ̃ | helenu; helenũ |
| two | balo; sisãma | bena | behino̧w | bẽnabugu; bȩnabugu | bihinɔ̃n | bʌnɔu | beaũ; beya̧u̧ | wɔlugu | hɔma kɔna | bȩnau; bẽnãu |
Evolution
Supposed East Strickland reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[1]
Samo language:
- (da)subu ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
- si- ‘burn’ < *nj(a,e,i)-
- na- ‘eat’ < *na-
- magara ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
- korofu ‘skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(n,t)apu
- mere(ma) ‘tongue’ < *me(l,n)e
- mini ‘nose’ < *mundu
Bibo language:
- (da)suf ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
Agala language:
- fulu(ma) ali ‘to fly’ < *pululu-
References
- ^ a b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Shaw, Daniel. 1986. The Bosavi language family. In Papers in New Guinea Linguistics 24, 45-76. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. (Papers in New Guinea linguistics No. 24, 45-76).
- ^ (NewGuineaWorld)
- ^ McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-B16
- ^ Shaw, R.D. "A Tentative Classification of the Languages of the Mt Bosavi Region". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:187-215. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.187
- ^ Shaw, R.D. "The Bosavi language family". In Laycock, D., Seiler, W., Bruce, L., Chlenov, M., Shaw, R.D., Holzknecht, S., Scott, G., Nekitel, O., Wurm, S.A., Goldman, L. and Fingleton, J. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 24. A-70:45-76. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986. doi:10.15144/PL-A70.45
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
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