North Bougainville languages

Language family

North Bougainville
West Bougainville
Geographic distribution	Bougainville Island
Linguistic classification	One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions	Keriaka Konua Askopan–Rotokas
Glottolog	`nort2933`
Language families of the Solomon Islands. North Bougainville

The North Bougainville or West Bougainville languages are a small language family spoken on the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. They were classified as East Papuan languages by Stephen Wurm, but this does not now seem tenable, and was abandoned in Ethnologue (2009).

The family includes the closely related Rotokas and Eivo (Askopan) languages, together with two languages that are more distantly related:

Spoken languages

Keriaka (Ramopa)
Konua (Rapoisi)
Rotokas branch
- Rotokas
- Askopan (Eivo)

There are about 9,000 speakers combined for all four North Bougainville languages.^[1]

References

^ Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History. Michael Dunn, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson. Science magazine, 23 Sept. 2005, vol. 309, p 2072.
Malcolm Ross (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages." In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples, 15-66. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Primary language families

Africa

Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan? Tuu Mande? Songhay? Ijaw? Ubangian? Kadu?
Isolates	Bangime Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)

Afroasiatic Ainu Austroasiatic Austronesian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dravidian Eskaleut Great Andamanese Hmong–Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Japonic Kartvelian Koreanic Kra–Dai Mongolic Nivkh Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Ongan Sino-Tibetan Tungusic Turkic Tyrsenian Uralic Yeniseian Yukaghir Digaro? Hrusish? Kho-Bwa? Mijiic? Miju? Siangic?
Isolates	Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Kenaboi? Kusunda Minoan? Nihali Shompen? Sumerian Tambora?

Isolates

New Guinea
and the Pacific

Arai–Samaia Austronesian Binanderean–Goilalan Border Bulaka River Central Solomons Chimbu–Wahgi Demta–Sentani Doso–Turumsa East Geelvink Bay East New Britain East Strickland Eleman Engan Fas Foja Range Kaure–Kosare Kiwaian Kutubuan Lakes Plain Lower Mamberamo Lower Sepik Madang Mairasi North Bougainville Pauwasi Ramu Senagi Senu River Sepik Skou South Bougainville Teberan Torricelli Trans-Fly Trans–New Guinea Turama–Kikorian Upper Yuat West Papuan Yam Yawa Yuat Northwest Papuan? Papuan Gulf?
Isolates	Abinomn Abun Anêm? Ata? Kol Kuot Maybrat Mpur Pawaia Porome Sulka? Taiap? Tambora? Wiru

Isolates

Australia

Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Bunuban Darwin Region? Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Marrku–Wurrugu? Mirndi Northern Tasmanian Northeastern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly? Tangkic Wagaydyic Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?
Isolates	Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi

North
America

Algic Alsea Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Keres Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yukian Yuman–Cochimí
Isolates	Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni

Mesoamerica

Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan
Isolates	Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America

Andoque–Urequena Arauan Araucanian Arawakan Arutani–Sape Aymaran Barbacoan Boran Cahuapanan Cariban Catacaoan Chapacuran Charruan Chibchan Choco Chonan Guaicuruan Guajiboan Harákmbut–Katukinan Jirajaran Jivaroan Katembri–Taruma Mascoian Matacoan Nadahup Nambikwaran Otomákoan Pano-Tacanan Peba–Yaguan Quechuan Piaroa–Saliban Ticuna–Yuri Timotean Tiniguan Tucanoan Tupian Uru–Chipaya Witotoan Yanomaman Zamucoan Zaparoan Bora-Witoto? Chimuan? Esmeralda–Yaruro? Hibito–Cholón? Lule–Vilela? Macro-Jê? Tequiraca–Canichana?
Isolates (extant in 2000)	Aikanã? Alacalufan Camsá Candoshi Chimane Chiquitano Cofán? Fulniô Guató Hodï/Joti Irantxe? Itonama Kunza Leco Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude) Movima Mura-Pirahã Nukak? Páez Puinave Huaorani/Waorani Trumai Urarina Warao Yamana Yuracaré

Isolates
(extant in 2000)

Sign
languages

Arab BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Indo-Pakistani Japanese Original Thai Swedish Tanzanian?
Isolates	See list of sign languages

See also

Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
Families in italics have no living members.
Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)

Trans-New Guinea
subgroups

Central Papua, Indonesia	Ok-Oksapmin Dani Asmat-Kamoro Mek Paniai Lakes West Bomberai Somahai
Southeast Papua, Indonesia	Anim Greater Awyu Kayagaric Kolopom Marori
Southwest Papua New Guinea	Gogodala-Suki Turama-Kikori Kiwaian Awin-Pa
Central Papua New Guinea	Madang Finisterre-Huon Kainantu-Goroka Chimbu-Wahgi Enga-Kewa-Huli Bosavi East Strickland Kutubu Duna-Bogaya Wiru
Papuan Peninsula	Angan Greater Binanderean Dagan Mailuan Koiarian Goilalan Yareban Kwalean Manubaran

Eastern Nusantara
families and isolates

Timor-Alor-Pantar
North Halmahera

Tambora^†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates

Abun
Mpur
Maybrat
Mor
Tanah Merah

Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates

Abinomn
Burmeso
Elseng
Kapauri
Kembra
Keuw
Kimki
Massep
Mawes
Molof
Usku
Yetfa

Central Western New Guinea
families and isolates

Bayono-Awbono

Dem
Uhunduni

Sepik-Ramu basin
families and isolates

Torricelli
Sepik
Lower Sepik-Ramu
- Lower Sepik
- Ramu
Kwomtari
Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
Yuat
Left May
Amto-Musan

Busa
Tayap
Yadë

Torricelli subgroups	Marienberg Arapesh Urim Maimai Wapei Palei One (West Wapei) Monumbo?
Sepik subgroups	Middle Sepik Ndu Nukuma Yellow River Yerakai Upper Sepik Wogamus Iwam Abau Sepik Hill Tama Ram Amal
Ramu subgroups	Lower Ramu Ottilien Misegian Middle Ramu Grass? Tamolan Ataitan (Tanggu)