This is a list of wars involving Afghanistan.
| Conflict | Afghanistan and allies |
Opponents | Results | Details | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hotak dynasty (1709–1738) | |||||
| Campaigns of Nader Shah (1720s–1747) |
|
Empires of Persia: Safavid Iran(prior to 1736)  Afsharid Iran[2] (post 1736)
|
Persian victory |
Persian victory
|
|
| Battle of Gulnabad (1722) |
Hotaki victory | ||||
| Siege of Isfahan (1722) |
Hotaki victory | ||||
| Treaty of Hamedan |
| ||||
|
Battle of Damghan (1729) |
Safavid victory |
Safavid victory
| |||
| Battle of Khwar Pass (1729) |
Safavid victory |
Safavid victory
| |||
| Battle of Murche-Khort (1729) |
|
Safavid victory | Safavid victory | ||
| Battle of Zarghan (1730) |
|
Safavid victory | |||
| Herat campaign of 1730–1732 (1731-1732) |
|
Safavid victory[3][4] | Safavid victory[5][6]
| ||
| Siege of Kandahar (1737-1738) |
Afsharid victory | Afsharid victory
| |||
| Sadozai Sultanate of Herat (1716–1732) | |||||
| Battle of Sangan (1727) |
Abdali Afghans |
Safavid victory |
Safavid victory
| ||
| Herat Campaign of 1729 | Safavid victory[7] |
| |||
| Battle of Kafer Qal'eh (1729) |
|
Safavid victory[9] | |||
| Durrani Empire (1747–1823) | |||||
|
Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani |
|
Other states: |
Durrani victory | ||
| Durrani victory | |||||
|
Battle of Manupur |
Mughal victory | ||||
| Afghan–Sikh Wars (1748–1837) |
|
|
Inconclusive | Inconclusive
| |
| Afghan victory | |||||
| Sack of Delhi (1757) | Durrani victory |
Durrani victory | |||
|
Battle of Narela |
Durrani victory[12] | ||||
|
Battle of Narela |
Afghan Empire | Mughal Empire (nominal) |
Afghan victory: |
Afghan victory:
| |
| Durrani victory[13] | |||||
| Battle of Barari Ghat (1760) |
Durrani-Rohilla victory | ||||
| Battle of Sikandarabad (1760) |
Durrani victory | ||||
| Third Battle of Panipat (1761) |
|
Durrani victory[15] |
| ||
| Battle of Nimla (1809) |
Coalition of Shah Mahmud |
Mahmud Coalition victory |
Mahmud Coalition victory
| ||
| Battle of Kafir Qala (1818) |
Inconclusive[16] | ||||
| Emirate of Herat (1793–1863) | |||||
| First Herat War (1837–1838) |
Supported by:  British Empire Bukhara Emirate Khiva Khanate[17]
|
Supported by: |
Iranian withdrawal | ||
| Herat campaign (1862-1863) |
|
Afghan victory | Afghan victory
| ||
| Emirate of Kabul (1823-1855) Emirate of Afghanistan (1855-1926) | |||||
| Dost Mohammad's Campaign to Jalalabad (1834) |
Amirs of Jalalabad |
Barakzai Afghan victory | |||
| Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk (1833-1834) |
Durranis |
Barakzai Afghan victory |
Barakzai Afghan victory
| ||
| First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842) |
Barakzais |
Durranis |
Barakzai Afghan victory | ||
| Khost rebellion (1856–1857) | .svg){kind=small} Afghanistan
|
Rebel tribes
|
Government victory | Rebellion suppressed | |
| Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880) |
|
Anglo-Afzalid victory |
Anglo-Afzalid victory
| ||
| Russian conquest of Central Asia (1885) |
|
|
Russian victory |
Russian victory
| |
| Panjdeh incident (1885[a]) |
Defeat |
| |||
| 1888–1893 Hazara uprisings | Emirate of Afghanistan
|
Hazara people | Afghan victory | Killing and displacement of 60% of the Hazara people's population including 35,000 families that fled to northern Afghanistan, Mashhad (Qajar Iran) and Quetta[23] | |
| Khost rebellion (1912) |
Rebel tribes |
Government victory | |||
| Basmachi movement (1916–1930) |
|
Supported by:
|
Soviet-Afghan victory |
Soviet-Afghan victory
| |
| Khost rebellion (1912) |
Rebel tribes |
Government victory | |||
| Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) |
Inconclusive | ||||
| Alizai rebellion of 1923[note 1] |
Alizai rebels |
Government victory | |||
| Khost rebellion (1924–c. early 1925) |
Allied tribes: |
Rebel tribes |
Afghan government victory |
Afghan government victory
| |
| Saqqawist low-level insurgency (1924–1928) |  Afghanistan
|
.svg){kind=small} Saqqawists
|
Escalated into civil war | ||
| Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) |
|
Afghan victory |
Afghan victory
| ||
| Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973) | |||||
| First Afghan Civil War (1928–1929) |
 Kingdom of AfghanistanHazara volunteers[32] Various anti-Saqqawist Pashtun tribes
 Soviet Union[33](See 1929 Red Army intervention in Afghanistan) |
 Basmachi movement(1929) Shinwari tribesmen (November–December 1928) |
Anti-Saqqawist victory |
Anti-Saqqawist victory
| |
| Inconclusive[34] |
Inconclusive[35]
| ||||
| Shinwari rebellion (1930) |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Afghanistan
|
Shinwari tribesmen | Government victory | Rebellion suppressed | |
| Kuhistan rebellion (1930) |
Saqqawist rebels |
Government victory | |||
| Battle of Herat[36]
(1931) |
Kingdom of Afghanistan
|
Saqqawists
|
Government victory | Saqqawists wiped out | |
| Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 |
|
Rebel tribes: |
Afghan government victory | ||
| 1945 Hazara Rebellion (1945–1946) |
Hazara rebels |
Rebellion failed[37] |
Rebellion failed[38]
| ||
| Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes (1949–present) |
|
| |||
| Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) | |||||
| Panjshir Valley uprising (1975[42]) |
Afghan government victory |
Afghan government victory
| |||
| Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987) | |||||
| Saur Revolution (1978) |
PDPA victory | PDPA victory
| |||
| Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) |
 Soviet Union Afghanistan
|
 Afghan mujahideen Pakistan
|
Defeat | Afghan mujahideen victory
| |
| Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992) | |||||
| Second Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) |  Republic of AfghanistanSupported by:
|
Independent Factions:
Foreign Mujahideen: Various factions also fought among each other Supported by: Pakistan United States Saudi Arabia United Kingdom China Germany Iran
|
Afghan Interim Government victory |
| |
| Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2001) | |||||
| Third Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) |  Islamic State of Afghanistan
Supported by: |
  Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until late 1994)
Regional Kandahar Militia Leaders
|
Military stalemate in Northern Afghanistan |
| |
| Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) | |||||
| Fourth Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) |  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
|
Islamic State of Afghanistan
|
Stalemate |
| |
| Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2001–2021) | |||||
| War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | Invasion (2001): | Invasion (2001): | American-led coalition victory (Phase 1) |
| |
ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):
|
ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):
RS phase (2015–2021):  ISIL–KP (from 2015)[90]
|
Taliban victory (Phase 2) |
| ||
| Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present) | |||||
| Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present) |
|
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (pro-IS factions)[94][97] |
Ongoing |
| |
| Republican insurgency in Afghanistan (2021–present) |
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
 al-Qaeda (alleged)[102]Supported by: Pakistan (until 2024; unconfirmed)
|
 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan loyalists[note 2]
Supported by: Independent militias |
Ongoing |
| |
.jpg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
| History of Afghanistan |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
Notes
[edit]- ^ According to Survey of International Affairs, the rebellion started in summer 1923,[16] and according to An Intimate War: An Oral History of the Helmand Conflict, 1978–2012, the rebellion lasted 6 months. Since all sources agree that the rebellion took place in 1923, the earliest possible start date is 22 June (the date of summer solstice in Afghanistan in 1923[27]), while last possible start date is 1 July[28] (6 months after any later date would put the end date in 1924[29]).
- ^ Though the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ceased to exist on 15 August 2021, many soldiers, officials and other loyalists relocated to Panjshir and rallied under its banner. These elements and exiled officials claimed to maintain the republic in some form,[103] with Amrullah Saleh styling himself "caretaker" president.
- ^ Freedom Corps, Liberation Front of Afghanistan, Soldiers of Hazaristan, Freedom and Democracy Front, High Council of Resistance, Atta Mohammad Noor's militia, ect.
- ^ The final agreement was signed only in July 1887
References
[edit]- ^ Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant. I. B. Tauris
- ^ "FLAGS i. Of Persia". Encyclopedia Iranica.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). "Overview of 1700-1750: Chronology". A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 728.
- ^ Amanat, Abbas (2012) [2003]. "HERAT vi. THE HERAT QUESTION". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 2. pp. 219–224.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). "Overview of 1700-1750: Chronology". A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 728.
- ^ Amanat, Abbas (2012) [2003]. "HERAT vi. THE HERAT QUESTION". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 2. pp. 219–224.
- ^ "HERAT iii. HISTORY, MEDIEVAL PERIOD". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
Nāder Shah Afšār, the successor of the Safavids, recaptured Herat in 1729, and it remained a part of the Persian state throughout his reign
- ^ "HERAT iii. HISTORY, MEDIEVAL PERIOD". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
Nāder Shah Afšār, the successor of the Safavids, recaptured Herat in 1729, and it remained a part of the Persian state throughout his reign
- ^ Perry, J. R. (1985). "ALLĀHYĀR KHAN ABDĀLĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. p. 893.
Allāhyār Khan lost battles at Kāfer Qaḷʿa (present-day Eslām Qaḷʿa) and Rebāṭ-e Parīān, fell back on Herat, and was soon obliged to surrender.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan L. (2022-03-08). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-78914-019-4.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 101.
- ^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The state at war in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780803213449.
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-22). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: 2 volumes [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
- ^ a b c Robinson, Howard; James Thomson Shotwell (1922). Mogul Empire. The Development of the British Empire. Houghton Mifflin. p. 91.
- ^ a b Kaushik Roy, India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil, (Orient Longman, 2004), 90.
- ^ a b c Maley, William (2002), Maley, William (ed.), "The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989–1992", The Afghanistan Wars, London: Macmillan Education UK, p. 193, doi:10.1007/978-1-4039-1840-6_9, ISBN 978-1-4039-1840-6, retrieved 2022-12-27
- ^ L.Lee, Johnathan (1996). The 'Ancient Supremacy': Bukhara, Afghanistan & the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901. Brill Publishers. p. 150. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3. ISSN 0929-2403.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 205. ISBN 9781789140101.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 383. ISBN 9781789140101.
- ^ Blood 1996, pp. 20–21.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Lee, Jonathan (1996). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. p. 463. ISBN 9789004103993.
- ^ دلجو, عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN 9936801504.
- ^ In union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands from July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
- ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener. p. 12. ISBN 9781558761551.
- ^ Saqqawists had fought only in northern Afghanistan.
- ^ "Seasons in Kabul – First Day of Spring Season".
- ^ "Calculate Duration Between Two Dates – Results".
- ^ "Calculate Duration Between Two Dates – Results".
- ^ Poullada, Leon B. (1973). Reform and rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929: King Amanullah's failure to modernize a tribal society. Cornell University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780801407727.
- ^ Chua, Andrew. "The Promise and Failure of King Amanullah's Modernisation Program in Afghanistan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ Mohammad, Fayz (1999). Kabul Under Siege : Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising (Translated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 168, 216–217. ISBN 1558761543.
- ^ Ritter, William S. (1990). "Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929". Journal of Contemporary History. 25 (4): 547–580. doi:10.1177/002200949002500408. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260761. S2CID 159486304.
- ^ Braithwaite, Rodric (11 September 2013). Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-932248-0.
- ^ Braithwaite, Rodric (11 September 2013). Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-932248-0.
- ^ "MOḤAMMAD NĀDER SHAH – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
- ^ Cole, Juan Ricardo; Keddie, Nikki R. (January 1986). Shi'ism and Social Protest. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03553-5.
- ^ Cole, Juan Ricardo; Keddie, Nikki R. (January 1986). Shi'ism and Social Protest. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03553-5.
- ^ "Cross-border attack : TTP militants storm border post in Mohmand". The Express Tribune. 2012-04-02. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
- ^ "Pakistan-Taliban clash spill into Afghanistan". Voice of America. 31 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ "Afghan police officer killed in border clash with Pakistanis". Washington Post. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
For years, Afghanistan and Pakistan have accused each other of border infringements, but fighting has been rare.
- ^ "Dossiers of rebel field commanders". digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
- ^ Owen L. Sirrs, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations, Routledge (2016), pp. 112-113
- ^ "Afghan-Pakistani Trouble Brewing Again Near the Khyber Pass". The New York Times. 13 August 1975.
- ^ Kiessling, Hein (2016). Unity, Faith and Discipline: The Inter-Service Intelligence of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
The era of ISI action in Afghanistan now began. A first large scale operation in 1975 was encouragement of large scale rebellion in the Panjshir valley.
- ^ Houèrou, Fabienne La (2014). Humanitarian Crisis and International Relations 1959-2013. Bentham Science Publisher. p. 150.
The president Khan revived adversarial stance not only toward Pakistan, but to the sponsor, USSR. First Daoud Khan set off proxy war in Pakistan, but in retaliation faced growing Islamic fundamentalists movement within Afghanistan
- ^ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 106.
By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
- ^ Owen L. Sirrs, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations, Routledge (2016), pp. 112-113
- ^ "The Afghan Communists" (PDF). www.brookings.edu.
- ^ Owen L. Sirrs, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations, Routledge (2016), pp. 112-113
- ^ "1978: Afghan coup rebels claim victory". BBC News. 29 April 1978. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023.
- ^ Gibson, Joshua James (2015). An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 (MA thesis). Ohio State University. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Afghanistan: The Forgotten War: Human Rights Abuses and Violations of the Laws of War Since the Soviet Withdrawal". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
- ^ Goodson 2011, p. 189.
- ^ Coll, Steve (28 November 2012). "In Afghanistan, Dinner and Then a Coup". The New Yorker – via www.newyorker.com.
- ^ "What Happened In The Battle Of Jalalabad?". rebellionresearch. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Country profile: Afghanistan (published August 2008) Archived 11 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ See sections Bombardments and Timeline 1994, Januari-June
- ^ See section Bombardments
- ^ See sections Atrocities and Timeline
- ^ "Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ "Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain - USATODAY.com". USA Today. 2009-05-01. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Top Pakistani militant released". BBC News. 2008-04-21. Archived from the original on 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ Whitlock, Craig (June 8, 2006). "Al-Zarqawi's Biography". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ Bergen, Peter. " The Osama bin Laden I Know, 2006
- ^ "ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001–2014)". NATO. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ^ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures" (PDF). NATO.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Nordland, Rod; Sukhanyar, Jawad; Shah, Taimoor (19 June 2017). "Afghan Government Quietly Aids Breakaway Taliban Faction". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- Donati, Jessica; Totakhil, Habib Khan (23 May 2016). "Afghan Government Secretly Fosters Taliban Splinter Groups". Wall Street Journal.
- "Taliban splinter group declares open-ended truce with Kabul". Stars and Stripes. 10 June 2018.
- "Prayer ceremony for Taliban faction's deputy held at Herat Grand Mosque". Ariana News. 17 May 2021.
The group had recently aligned itself with the government, and fighters were sent to Niazi as part of an uprising force to secure a number of Herat districts.
- ^ "Local Officials Criticized for Silence on Shindand Strike". TOLOnews. 11 January 2020.
- ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (December 3, 2015). "CIA runs shadow war with Afghan militia implicated in civilian killings". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ^ Joscelyn, Thomas; Roggio, Bill (31 July 2015). "The Taliban's new leadership is allied with al Qaeda". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ^ Hardaha, Rashi (2021-07-24). "Al-Qaeda operates under Taliban protection: UN report". India TV News. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
- ^ Nordland, Rod (19 May 2012). "In Afghanistan, New Group Begins Campaign of Terror". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Taliban storm Kunduz city". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ "Who is Lashkar-e-Jhangvi?". Voice of America. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ "ISIS 'Outsources' Terror Attacks to the Pakistani Taliban in Afghanistan: U.N. Report". Newsweek. 15 August 2017.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Report: Iran pays $1,000 for each U.S. soldier killed by the Taliban". NBC News. 9 May 2010.
- Tabatabai, Ariane M. (9 August 2019). "Iran's cooperation with the Taliban could affect talks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan". The Washington Post.
- "Iran denies Taliban were paid bounties to target US troops". AP News. 18 August 2020.
- Patrikarakos, David (25 August 2021). "Iran is an immediate winner of the Taliban takeover". The Spectator.
- Salahuddin, Syed (27 May 2018). "Iran funding Taliban to affect US military presence in Afghanistan, say police and lawmakers". Arab News.
- Siddique, Abubakar; Shayan, Noorullah (31 July 2017). "Mounting Afghan Ire Over Iran's Support For Taliban". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ^ Jamal, Umair (23 May 2020). "Understanding Pakistan's Take on India-Taliban Talks". The Diplomat.
- ^ Farmer, Ben (26 August 2020). "Pakistan urges Taliban to get on with Afghan government talks". The National.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Martinez, Luis (10 July 2020). "Top Pentagon officials say Russian bounty program not corroborated". ABC News.
- Loyd, Anthony (October 16, 2017). "Russia funds Taliban in war against Nato forces". The Times. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
- ^ Noorzai, Roshan; Sahinkaya, Ezel; Gul Sarwan, Rahim (3 July 2020). "Afghan Lawmakers: Russian Support to Taliban No Secret". Voice of America.
- ^ "Russian ambassador denies Moscow supporting Taliban". Reuters. 25 April 2016.
- ^ "Saudis Bankroll Taliban, Even as King Officially Supports Afghan Government". The New York Times. 12 June 2016.
- ^ Ramani, Samuel (7 September 2017). "What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?". The Diplomat.
- ^ "Qatar's Dirty Hands". National Review. 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy". Pajhwok Afghan News. 7 August 2017.
- ^ "China offered Afghan militants bounties to attack US soldiers: reports". Deutsche Welle. 31 December 2020.
- ^ Gittleson, Ben (1 January 2021). "US investigating unconfirmed intel that China offered bounties on American troops". ABC7 San Francisco.
A spokesperson for China's foreign ministry, Wang Wenbin, on Thursday denied the accusation, calling it a 'smear and slander against China' that was 'completely nonsense' and 'fake news'.
- ^ Seldin, Jeff (18 November 2017). "Afghan Officials: Islamic State Fighters Finding Sanctuary in Afghanistan". Voice of America. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ "A look at the Islamic State affiliate's rise in Afghanistan". AP News. 19 August 2019.
- ^ "Afghanistan Faces Tough Battle as Haqqanis Unify the Taliban". ABC News. 8 May 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016.
- ^ Roggio, Bill (12 July 2021). "Taliban advances as U.S. completes withdrawal". FDD's Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- ^ a b Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (14 June 2016). "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse". Long War Journal. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ Johnson 2016, p. 1.
- ^ "Taliban leader Dadullah joins Afghanistan's ISIL | Pakistan Today". archive.pakistantoday.com.pk. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ "Taliban say gap narrowing in talks with US over Afghanistan troop withdrawal". Military Times. 5 May 2019.
- ^ Seldin, Jeff (20 March 2020). "US Admits Taliban Offensive Is Whittling IS's Grip on Afghanistan". Voice of America.
- ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Mashal, Mujib (2 December 2019). "ISIS Is Losing Afghan Territory. That Means Little for Its Victims". The New York Times.
- ^ Zenn (2021), p. 2.
- ^ a b Gannon, Kathy (11 April 2022). "Islamic State morphs and grows in Pakistan, Afghanistan". Associated Press. Jalalabad. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ Roggio, Bill (2 September 2021). "National Resistance Front repels multi-day Taliban assault on Panjshir | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
- ^ Ghosh, Poulomi (30 September 2021). "'Useless': Taliban say Amrullah Saleh's 'govt in exile' won't be able to deceive world". msn. Archived from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "چه کسانی در سمنگان با طالبان میجنگند؟". ایندیپندنت فارسی (in Persian). 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ "Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan, but fighting Taliban a 'non-viable prospect'". France24. 10 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan diverge on approaches to Afghanistan". eurasianet. 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022.
- ^ "Pakistan's Strategic Leverage and Afghanistan's Pinpoints". Modern Diplomacy.eu. 1 January 2025.
The Pakistani military and intelligence agencies maintain extensive networks within Afghanistan and the Afghan diaspora, which they leverage to support resistance movements opposed to the Taliban. Groups such as the National Resistance Front (NRF), which challenge the Taliban's authority in various parts of the country, often look to Pakistan for support in their efforts.
- ^ "Pakistan's Afghan dilemma: Bad options, worse outcomes". ORF Online.
Pakistani media handles, believed to be acting as mouthpieces of the Pakistan Army, declared that the ISI was now engaging rag-tag Afghan resistance groups based in Tajikistan, like the National Resistance Front (NRF). They pointed to the sudden increase in activity of the NRF and other anti-Taliban groups in Afghanistan, hinting that this was, in part, because Pakistan had started backing these groups as payback for the Taliban backing the TTP.
- ^ Pannett, Rachel; Khan, Haq Nawaz; Mehrdad, Ezzatullah; O'Grady, Siobhán (6 September 2021). "Panjshir Valley, last resistance holdout in Afghanistan, falls to the Taliban". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ Roggio, Bill (6 September 2021). "Taliban completes conquest of Afghanistan after seizing Panjshir". FDD's Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
Sources
[edit]- Goodson, Larry P. (2011). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80158-2. OCLC 1026403863.
