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List of wars involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This is a list of wars involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Congo Free State (1885–1908)

[edit]
Conflict Combatants Result Sovereign
Stairs Expedition
(1891–1892) 		Congo Free State Yeke Kingdom Victory
  • Msiri killed, end of the Yeke Kingdom
Leopold II of Belgium
Congo–Arab War
(1892–1894) 		Congo Free State
Supported by:
Belgium 		Muscat and Oman Sultanate of Utetera
Muscat and Oman Arab-Swahili sultanates in Eastern Congo
Supported by:
Sultanate of Zanzibar
Sultanate of Muscat 		Congo Free State victory
Batetela Rebellion
(1895–1908) 		Congo Free State Tetela rebels Victory
Mahdist War
(1881–1899)
Mahdist State Allied victory

Belgian Congo (1908–1960)

[edit]
Main article: List of wars involving Belgium

Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (1960–1971)

[edit]
Conflict Combatants Result President
Congo Crisis
(1960–1965)
1960–1963:
Supported by:
 1960–1963:
Supported by:
1960–1962:
Supported by:
 West-Congolese victory (Phase 1)
  • Katanga and South Kasai reincorporated into the Congo, Stanleyville government exiled
Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1963–1965:
Supported by:
 1963–1965:
Supported by:
 Government victory (Phase 2)
First Stanleyville Mutiny
(1966) 		Congo-Léopoldville State of Katanga Mutineers Victory
  • Mutiny crushed
Mobutu Sese Seko
Second Stanleyville Mutiny
(1967) 		Congo-Léopoldville State of Katanga Mutineers Victory
  • Mutiny crushed

Zaire (1971–1997)

[edit]
Conflict Combatants Result President
Angolan Civil War
(1975) 		Democratic People's Republic of Angola

Zaire (1975)[10][11]

FLEC

Angola People's Republic of Angola

Cuba (from 1975)
SWAPO (from 1975)[12]
ANC (from 1975)[13][12]
Executive Outcomes (until 1995)[14]
FLNC (from 1975)[15][11]

Military advisers and pilots:
 MPLA victory
Mobutu Sese Seko
Shaba I
(1977)

Supported by:


Congolese National Liberation Front (FNLC) Supported by:

Zairian victory
  • FNLC expelled from Shaba
Shaba II
(1978)

FNLC

Zairian victory
  • Mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups
Chadian–Libyan Conflict
(1978–1987) 		Anti-Libyan Chadian factions
  • FAT (1978–1979)
  • FAN (1978–1983)
  • FANT (1983–1987)
  • GUNT (1986–1987)

France
Inter-African Force

NFSL

Supported by:
 Libya

Pro-Libyan Chadian factions

Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups[27]

Supported by:
 Chadian and French victory
Rwandan Civil War
(1990–1994)
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) victory
First Congo War
(1996–1997) 		Zaire

Sudan[31]
Chad[32]
Rwanda Ex-FAR/ALiR
Interahamwe
CNDD-FDD[33]
UNITA[34]
ADF[35]
FLNC[36]
LRA[37]
UNRF II
Supported by:
France
Central African Republic
China[38]
Israel[38]
Kuwait (denied)[38]

Mai-Mai[c]

Democratic Republic of the Congo AFDL
Rwanda
Uganda[42]
Burundi[43]
Angola[43]
South Sudan SPLA[31]
Eritrea[44]
Supported by:
South Africa[45]
Zambia[46]
Zimbabwe[45]
Ethiopia[47]
Tanzania
United States (covertly)[48]

Mai-Mai[c]

AFDL victory

Democratic Republic of the Congo (from 1997)

[edit]
Conflict Combatants Result President
Congo-Brazzaville Civil War
(1997–1999)

Republic of the Congo Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (to October 1997)
Cocoye Militia
Ninja Militia
Nsiloulou Militia
Supported by:
Jonas Savimbi
FLEC[49]
Supported by:
DR Congo

Republic of the Congo Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (from October 1997)
Cobra Militia
Rwanda Rwandan Hutu Militia
Angola[50]
Chad 		Nguesso loyalist victory
Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Ituri conflict
(1972-2003) 		Hema ethnic group:

Uganda[51]

DR Congo (FARDC)
UN (MONUC)
EU (Artemis)

Lendu ethnic group:

Mai-Mai Simba

ADF
Islamic State IS-CAP
Mai-Mai Kyandenga[52]

Ongoing[53]
Joseph Kabila (2001–2019)
Félix Tshisekedi (since 2019)
Second Congo War
(1998–2003)
Military stalemate
Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Kivu Conflict
(2004– present) 		Pro-government:
Supported by:
 Rwandan-aligned militias:
Ugandan-aligned militias:
Foreign state actors:
Anti-Ugandan forces:
Anti-Rwandan militias:
Anti-Burundi militias:
Mai-Mai militias:
 Ongoing
  • FARDC victory against the CNDP in 2009 and the M23 movement in 2012
  • CNDP becomes a political party in the DRC
  • M23 movement signs peace agreement with the DRC government; renews fighting in 2022
  • Conflict breaks out between Rwanda and the Congo in 2022
  • FDLR, Mai-Mai militias and other armed groups still active in Eastern DRC
  • UN and FARDC begin operation to defeat the FDLR and their allies at the start of 2015
Joseph Kabila
LRA Insurgency
(1987–present) 		Uganda
Zaire (until 1997)
DR Congo (from 1997)
Central African Republic (from 2008)[57]
South Sudan
 Arrow Boys
 UFDR
United Nations MONUC[58]
Russia (since April 2024)

Supported by:
United States
(2011–2017)[60][61][62] North Korea(until 1990s)

Lord's Resistance Army
Supported by:
Sudan Sudan (1994–2002)[63]
Allied Democratic Forces

Ongoing (Low-level)
  • Founder and leader of the LRA Joseph Kony goes into hiding
  • Senior LRA commander Dominic Ongwen surrenders to American forces in the Central African Republic and is tried at the Hague[64][65]
  • Majority of LRA installations and encampments located in South Sudan and Uganda abandoned and dismantled
  • Small scale LRA activity continues in eastern DR Congo, and the Central African Republic[57]
Dongo Rebellion
(2009) 		Democratic Republic of the Congo

Supported by:
United Nations MONUC
Rwanda (alleged)

Lobala rebels
Possibly:
Resistance Patriots of Dongo 		Victory
  • Rwandan-Congolese forces recaptured Dongo
Katanga Insurgency
(1963–present) 		Congo-Léopoldville (until 1971)
Zaire (1971–1997)
DR Congo (from 1997)
ONUC (until 1964)
MONUSCO (since 1999)
Local self-defence groups[66] 		Katangese rebels:

Alleged Support:
FARDC elements[67]
Katangese businessmen[67]

FDLR
Mai Mai Yakutumba
CNPSC

Ongoing
M23 Rebellion
(2012–2013) 		Democratic Republic of the Congo

United Nations MONUSCO

March 23 Movement
Alleged support:

Congolese government victory
  • M23 disarms and demobilises[70]
ADF Insurgency
(1996–present) 		Uganda

DR Congo

MONUSCO

ADF (1996–2015)

ISIL[71]

ADF-Mukulu

RCD/K-ML

Mai-Mai Kyandenga (2020–present)
Supported by: FARDC elements[73]
LRA
Al-Shabaab[71] (disputed)[74]
Various Jihadi groups (Ugandan and MONUSCO claim)[74]
Sudan (1990s; currently unknown)

Ongoing
Central African Republic Civil War
(2013–present)
Formerly:
South Africa (2013)
MISCA (2013–2014)
MICOPAX (2008–2013)
France (2013–2021)[81]
EUFOR RCA
(2014–2015)
MPC
PRNC
CMSPR (since 2024)[84]
Support:
Defunct groups:
Séléka (2012–2014)
RJ (2013–2018)
MNLC (2017–2019)
MLCJ (2008–2022)
RPRC (2014–2022)

UPC (2014–2025)
3R (2015–2025)

Ongoing
  • Séléka rebel coalition takes power from François Bozizé.[86]
  • Michel Djotodia, the leader of Séléka, becomes president
  • President Michel Djotodia abolishes Séléka
  • Low-level fighting between Ex-Séléka factions and Anti-balaka militias.[87]
  • President Michel Djotodia resigns amid heavy international pressure. Interim government is formed
  • Elections conducted in 2016 with Faustin-Archange Touadéra becoming the president
  • De facto split between ex-Séléka factions controlled north and east and Anti-balaka controlled south and west with a Séléka faction declaring the Republic of Logone.[88]
  • Fighting between Ex-Séléka factions FPRC and UPC.
  • Ex-president Bozizé merges all rebel groups and forms the Coalition of Patriots for Change.
  • Elections in 2021 with Touadéra being re-elected as president.
  • As of July 2021 the government controls more territory than at any point since the war began.[89]
Kamwina Nsapu Rebellion
(2016–c. 2019) 		DR Congo
Allied militias: 		Kamwina Nsapu rebels[92]
  • Various independent militias
 Government victory

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others.[6]
  2. ^ The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France, Portuguese Angola and the neighbouring Central African Federation.[7][8] However, neither was ever officially recognised by any state.[9]
  3. ^ a b Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.[39] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.[40] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.[41]
  4. ^ Despite Mahamat al-Khatim's November 2023 announcement to leave CPC[82], some members of the group chose to stay in the coalition.[83]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Egypt and the Sudan | National Army Museum". www.nam.ac.uk.
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  4. ^ "Sudan (New South Wales Contingent) March-June 1885". 28 July 2021.
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  6. ^ Haskin 2005, pp. 24–25.
  7. ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, p. 101.
  8. ^ Dorn 2016, p. 32.
  9. ^ Nugent 2004, p. 97.
  10. ^ Steenkamp, Willem (2006) [1985]. Borderstrike! (Third ed.). Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing. pp. 102–106. ISBN 978-1-920169-00-8.
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  12. ^ a b Shubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 249. ISBN 978-0-7453-2472-2.
  13. ^ Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–207. ISBN 978-1850439936.
  14. ^ Fitzsimmons, Scott (November 2012). "Executive Outcomes Defeats UNITA". Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208727.006. ISBN 9781107026919.
  15. ^ Wolfe, Thomas; Hosmer, Stephen (1983). Soviet policy and practice toward Third World conflicts. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. ISBN 978-0669060546.
  16. ^ Vanneman, Peter (1990). Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 41–57. ISBN 978-0817989026.
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  31. ^ a b Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
  32. ^ Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. p. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.
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  36. ^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112–113.
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  39. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 117, 130, 143.
  40. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 130.
  41. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 143.
  42. ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–376.
  43. ^ a b Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.
  44. ^ Plaut (2016), pp. 54–55.
  45. ^ a b "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa
  46. ^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 65–66.
  47. ^ Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36.
  48. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 118, 126–127.
  49. ^ Martin, Joseph (2019). "The Front(s) for the Liberation of Cabinda in Angola: A Phantom Insurgency". In de Vries, Lotje (ed.). Secessionism in African Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-319-90206-7. On the other side of the Congo River, the end of the civil war and the repossession of power by Sassou-Nguesso forced the FDC to dismantle its bases in Congo-Brazzaville, which meant losing the support of the Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS)'s militias of Pascal Lissouba. The FLEC-R, who had previously engaged with UNITA alongside the UPADS troops, was also summoned to leave the country.
  50. ^ Cook, Alethia (2017). Conflict Dynamics. University of Georgia Press. p. 61. Angola came to his aid with 2,500 troops in August 1997. Sassou also received help from Chad, Gabon, France, and Elf-Congo ... as well as Serbian mercenaries, the former Rwandan government forces, Rwandan Interahamwe militia and elements of Mobutu's Zairian army
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  52. ^ "Ituri : 4 miliciens Mai-mai Kyandenga neutralisés par les FARDC à Otamabere". March 21, 2022.
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Sources

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