Bokar language
Tani language spoken in Tibet and India
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| Bokar | |
|---|---|
| Bokar-Ramo | |
| Region | Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet |
| Ethnicity | Lhoba |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | boka1249 |
| ELP |
|
 Bokar is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Bokar or Bokar-Ramo (IPA: [bɔk˭ar ɡɔm]; pinyin: Bogar Luoba) is a Tani language spoken by the Lhoba in West Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India (Megu 1990) and Nanyi Township 南伊珞巴民族乡, Mainling County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (Ouyang 1985).
The Ramo dialect is spoken in Mechukha Subdivision and Monigong Circle (Badu 2004).
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | tɕ | |||||
| voiced | dʑ | ||||||
| Fricative | (s) | ɕ | h, (ɦ) | ||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
- The pronunciation of /ɕ/ may vary between [ɕ] and [s] among different dialects.
- Some speakers may also pronounce /tɕ/ as [ts] when preceding vowels other than /i/.
- /h/ can be realized as either voiced [ɦ] or [h], when preceding /i/.
- Stops /p t k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-coda position.
- A retroflex affricate /tʂ/ can also occur only from Tibetan loanwords.[1][2]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | (ɨ) | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o | |
| Open | a | |||
- /ɯ/ can also be heard as more central [ɨ].[3]
- /o/ is heard as more open and nasalized before /ŋ/ as [ɔ̃ŋ].
Writing system
Bokar is written in the Latin script in India and the Tibetan script in China.[4]
References
- ^ Sun, Tianshin (1993). A Historical-comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman. p. 495.
- ^ Ouyang, Jueya (1985). Luobazu yuyan jian zhi (Beng ni - Bo ga er yu) [珞巴族 语言 简 志 (崩 尼 - 博 嘎 尔 语)]. Minzu chubanshe [民族出版社].
- ^ Megu, Shri Arak (1990). Bokar Language Guide. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
- ^ "ScriptSource - Luoba, Boga'er".
- Badu, Tapoli. 2004. Ramo language guide. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
- Ouyang, Jueya. 1985. Luobazu Yuyan Jianzhi (Bengni-Boga'eryu) [Brief Description of the Luoba Nationality Language (The Bengni-Bokar Language)]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
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Sino-Tibetan branches
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)
| Greater Magaric |
|---|
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)
| "Naga" | |
|---|---|
| Sal |
| Burmo-Qiangic |
|---|
(Arunachal)
| Greater Siangic |
|
|---|
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
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