United States v. Mouat

1888 United States Supreme Court case

United States v. Mouat
Supreme Court of the United States
Decided January 23, 1888
Full case name	United States v. Mouat
Citations	124 U.S. 303 (more)
Holding
Only those persons appointed by the President, the courts of law, or the head of a department are Officers of the United States. All other persons are mere employees.
Court membership
Chief Justice Morrison Waite Associate Justices Samuel F. Miller · Stephen J. Field Joseph P. Bradley · John M. Harlan Stanley Matthews · Horace Gray Samuel Blatchford · Lucius Q. C. Lamar II
Case opinion
Majority	Miller, joined by unanimous
Laws applied
U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 2

United States v. Mouat, 124 U.S. 303 (1888), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court concerning the Appointments Clause.

References

Text of United States v. Mouat, 124 U.S. 303 (1888) is available from: Cornell Justia

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United States v. Mouat

United States Appointments Clause case law

Appointment of Officers

Officers vs. Employees	United States v. Hartwell (1867) United States v. Mouat (1888) United States v. Smith (1888) Auffmordt v. Hedden (1890) Burnap v. United States (1920)
Inferior Officers	United States v. Germaine (1878) Ex parte Siebold (1879) Freytag v. Commissioner (1991) Edmond v. United States (1997) Lucia v. SEC (2018) United States v. Arthrex, Inc. (2021)
Recess Appointments	NLRB v. Noel Canning (2014)
Challenges to Appointments	Ryder v. United States (1995) Carr v. Saul (2021)
Appointments by Congress	Shoemaker v. United States (1893) Springer v. Government of the Philippine Islands (1928) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) MWAA v. CAAN (1991) Weiss v. United States (1994)

Removal of Officers

Limits on Removal Power	United States v. Perkins (1886) Parsons v. United States (1897) Myers v. United States (1926) Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1936) Wiener v. United States (1958) Morrison v. Olson (1988) Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB (2010) Selia Law v. CFPB (2020) Collins v. Yellen (2021)
Removal by Congress	Bowsher v. Synar (1986)

Jurisdiction stripping
Thunder Basin Coal Co. v. Reich (1994) Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB (2010) Elgin v. Department of Treasury (2012) Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission (2023)