Auffmordt v. Hedden : Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Auffmordt v. Hedden

1890 United States Supreme Court case

United States v. Hartwell
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued November 14, 1890 Decided December 8, 1890
Full case name	Auffmordt v. Hedden
Citations	73 U.S. 385 (more)
Holding
Officials whose duties are defined by contract rather than by law are not officers of the United States but mere employees.
Court membership
Chief Justice Melville Fuller Associate Justices Stephen J. Field · Joseph P. Bradley John M. Harlan · Horace Gray Samuel Blatchford · Lucius Q. C. Lamar II David J. Brewer
Case opinion
Majority	Blatchford, joined by unanimous
Laws applied
U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 2

Auffmordt v. Hedden, 137 U.S. 310 (1890), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court concerning the Appointments Clause.

References

Text of Auffmordt v. Hedden, 137 U.S. 310 (1890) is available from: Cornell Findlaw Justia OpenJurist

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Auffmordt v. Hedden

United States Appointments Clause case law

Appointment of Officers

Officers vs. Employees	United States v. Hartwell (1867) United States v. Mouat (1888) United States v. Smith (1888) Auffmordt v. Hedden (1890) Burnap v. United States (1920)
Inferior Officers	United States v. Germaine (1878) Ex parte Siebold (1879) Freytag v. Commissioner (1991) Edmond v. United States (1997) Lucia v. SEC (2018) United States v. Arthrex, Inc. (2021)
Recess Appointments	NLRB v. Noel Canning (2014)
Challenges to Appointments	Ryder v. United States (1995) Carr v. Saul (2021)
Appointments by Congress	Shoemaker v. United States (1893) Springer v. Government of the Philippine Islands (1928) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) MWAA v. CAAN (1991) Weiss v. United States (1994)

Removal of Officers

Limits on Removal Power	United States v. Perkins (1886) Parsons v. United States (1897) Myers v. United States (1926) Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1936) Wiener v. United States (1958) Morrison v. Olson (1988) Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB (2010) Selia Law v. CFPB (2020) Collins v. Yellen (2021)
Removal by Congress	Bowsher v. Synar (1986)

Jurisdiction stripping
Thunder Basin Coal Co. v. Reich (1994) Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB (2010) Elgin v. Department of Treasury (2012) Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission (2023)