18th United States Congress

18th United States Congress
17th ← → 19th
United States Capitol (1827)
March 4, 1823 – March 4, 1825
Members	48 senators 213 representatives 3 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Democratic-Republican
Senate President	Daniel D. Tompkins (DR)
House majority	Democratic-Republican
House Speaker	Henry Clay (DR)
Sessions
1st: December 1, 1823 – May 27, 1824 2nd: December 6, 1824 – March 3, 1825

The 18th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1823, to March 4, 1825, during the seventh and eighth years of James Monroe's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1820 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.

Major events

• August 1823: Arikara War fought between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians.
• December 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe delivered a speech to the Congress, announcing a new policy of forbidding European interference in the Americas and establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts.
• February 9, 1825: John Quincy Adams elected as President of the United States by the House of Representatives in accordance with the contingent election provision of the Twelfth Amendment, as no candidate had received a majority of the electoral votes cast in the 1824 presidential election. The House was required to choose between Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford (the top three presidential electoral-vote recipients), with the delegation from each of the 24 states having one vote. Adams was elected on the first ballot by 13 to 7 to 4.^[1][2]

States for Adams	States for Jackson	States for Crawford
Connecticut Illinois Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Missouri New Hampshire New York Ohio Rhode Island Vermont	Alabama Indiana Mississippi New Jersey Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee	Delaware Georgia North Carolina Virginia
Total: 13 (54%)	Total: 7 (29%)	Total: 4 (17%)

Major legislation

• January 7, 1824: Tariff of 1824, Sess. 1, ch. 4, 4 Stat. 2
• March 3, 1825: Crimes Act of 1825, Sess. 2, ch. 65, 4 Stat. 115

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section. The 18th Congress was the final one in which members sat who are identified with the First Party System and the Federalist Party.

Senate

Affiliation	Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)		Total
	Democratic- Republican (DR)	Federalist (F)		Vacant
End of previous Congress	43	4	47	1
Begin	42	3	45	3
End	43	5	48	0
Final voting share	89.6%	10.4%
Beginning of next Congress	Jacksonian: 25		45	3
	Adams Republican: 20

House of Representatives

Affiliation	Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)						Total
	Democratic-Republican			Federalist				Vacant
	Adams-Clay (A-DR)	Crawford (C-DR)	Jackson (J-DR)	Adams-Clay (A-F)	Crawford (C-F)	Jackson (J-F)
End of previous Congress	154			31			185	2
Begin	71	53	64	15	2	7	212	1
End	72						213	0
Final voting share	88.7%			11.3%
Beginning of next Congress	Jacksonian: 104						213	0
	Adams Republican: 109

Leadership

Senate

• President: Daniel D. Tompkins (DR)
• President pro tempore: John Gaillard (DR)

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Henry Clay (DR)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1826; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1828; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1824.

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• Deaths: 3
• Resignations: 3
• Vacancy: 2
• Total seats with changes: 8

Senate changes

State (class)	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation[a]
New Jersey (1)	Vacant	Samuel L. Southard resigned at end of previous Congress. Successor elected November 12, 1823.	Joseph McIlvaine (DR)	November 12, 1823
Delaware (2)	Vacant	Legislature had failed to elect. Incumbent was re-elected late January 7, 1824.	Nicholas Van Dyke (F)	January 7, 1824
Delaware (1)	Vacant	Caesar A. Rodney resigned in previous term. Successor elected January 8, 1824.	Thomas Clayton (F)	January 8, 1824
Connecticut (1)	Elijah Boardman (DR)	Died August 18, 1823. Successor appointed October 8, 1823, and later elected May 5, 1824.	Henry W. Edwards (DR)	October 8, 1823
Louisiana (3)	James Brown (DR)	Resigned December 10, 1823, after being appointed Minister to France. Successor appointed January 15, 1824.	Josiah S. Johnston (DR)	January 15, 1824
Illinois (3)	Ninian Edwards (DR)	Resigned March 4, 1824, after being appointed Minister to Mexico. Successor elected November, 1824.	John McLean (DR)	November 23, 1824
Louisiana (2)	Henry Johnson (DR)	Resigned May 27, 1824, to run for Governor of Louisiana. Successor elected November 19, 1824.	Dominique J. Bouligny (DR)	November 19, 1824
Virginia (2)	John Taylor (DR)	Died August 21, 1824. Successor elected December 7, 1824.	Littleton W. Tazewell (DR)	December 7, 1824
Georgia (2)	Nicholas Ware (DR)	Died September 7, 1824. Successor elected December 6, 1824.	Thomas W. Cobb (DR)	December 6, 1824

House of Representatives

• Deaths: 3
• Resignations: 5
• Contested election: 2
• Total seats with changes: 10

House changes

District	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation[a]
Massachusetts 10th	Vacant	John Bailey was declared not entitled to seat in previous election. Bailey was then re-elected.	John Bailey (A-DR)	Seated December 13, 1824.
New York 28th	William B. Rochester (A-DR)	Resigned April 21, 1823. New member elected.	William Woods (A-DR)	Seated November 3, 1823.
Pennsylvania 13th	John Tod (J-DR)	Resigned sometime in 1824. New member elected.	Alexander Thomson (J-DR)	Seated December 6, 1824.
New York 29th	Isaac Wilson (A-DR)	Lost contested election January 7, 1824. New member seated.	Parmenio Adams (A-DR)	Seated January 7, 1824.
Virginia 13th	William Lee Ball (C-DR)	Died February 29, 1824. New member elected.	John Taliaferro (C-DR)	Seated March 24, 1824.
North Carolina 2nd	Hutchins G. Burton (C-DR)	Resigned March 23, 1824, when elected Governor of North Carolina. New member elected.	George Outlaw (C-DR)	Seated January 19, 1825.
Pennsylvania 8th	Thomas J. Rogers (J-DR)	Resigned April 20, 1824. New member elected.	George Wolf (J-DR)	Seated December 9, 1824.
Indiana 1st	William Prince (J-DR)	Died September 8, 1824. New member elected.	Jacob Call (J-DR)	Seated December 23, 1824.
Vermont 3rd	Charles Rich (A-DR)	Died October 15, 1824. New member elected.	Henry Olin (A-DR)	Seated December 13, 1824.
Georgia at-large	Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR)	Resigned December 6, 1824, when elected U.S. Senator. New member elected.	Richard H. Wilde (C-DR)	Seated February 7, 1825.

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

• Amendments to the Constitution (Select)
• Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Horatio Seymour)
• Banks in Which Deposits Have Been Made (Select)
• Claims (Chairman: Benjamin Ruggles)
• Commerce and Manufactures (Chairman: Mahlon Dickerson)
• Debt Imprisonment Abolition (Select)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: Edward Lloyd)
• Engrossed Bills (Chairman: James Lanman)
• Finance (Chairman: Samuel Smith)
• Foreign Relations (Chairman: James Barbour)
• Indian Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Hart Benton)
• Judiciary (Chairman: Martin Van Buren)
• Marquis de La Fayette (Select)
• Memorial of the Legislature of Arkansas (Select)
• Military Affairs (Chairman: Andrew Jackson)
• Militia (Chairman: John Chandler)
• National Road from Cumberland to Wheeling (Select)
• Naval Affairs (Chairman: James Lloyd)
• Peale's Portrait of Washington (Select)
• Pensions (Chairman: James Noble)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: James Lanman)
• Public Lands (Chairman: David Barton)
• Roads and Canals (Select) (Chairman: James Brown then Ethan Allen Brown)
• Tariff Regulation (Select)
• Whole

House of Representatives

• Accounts (Chairman: Samuel C. Allen)
• Agriculture (Chairman: Stephen Van Rensselaer)
• Arms Contracts (Select)
• Banking Memorials (Select)
• Claims (Chairman: Lewis Williams)
• Commerce (Chairman: Thomas Newton Jr.)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: Joseph Kent)
• Elections (Chairman: John Sloane)
• Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Samuel Edwards)
• Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William Van Wyck)
• Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Silas Wood)
• Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: Weldon N. Edwards)
• Expenditures in the War Department
• Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Jeremiah Nelson)
• Foreign Affairs (Chairman: John Forsyth)
• Indian Affairs (Chairman: John Cocke)
• Judiciary (Chairman: Daniel Webster)
• Manufactures (Chairman: John Tod then Walter Forward)
• Military Affairs (Chairman: James Hamilton Jr.)
• Naval Affairs (Chairman: Benjamin W. Crowninshield)
• Pensions and Revolutionary War Claims (Chairman: Peter Little)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: John T. Johnson)
• Public Expenditures (Chairman: Thomas W. Cobb then Duncan McArthur)
• Public Lands (Chairman: Christopher Rankin)
• Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Thomas C. Ross then Samuel Lathrop)
• Standards of Official Conduct
• Ways and Means (Chairman: Louis McLane)
• Whole

Joint committees

• Enrolled Bills
• The Library

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

• Architect of the Capitol: Charles Bulfinch
• Librarian of Congress: George Watterston

Senate

• Chaplain: Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopalian), until December 10, 1823
  • William Staughton (Baptist), elected December 10, 1823
  • Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopalian), elected December 14, 1824
• Secretary: Charles Cutts
• Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: John Brackenridge (Presbyterian), until December 8, 1823
  • Henry B. Bascom (Methodist), elected December 8, 1823
  • Reuben Post (Presbyterian), elected December 9, 1824
• Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
• Doorkeeper: Benjamin Birch
• Reading Clerks: [data missing]
• Sergeant at Arms: Thomas Dunn, elected December 1, 1823, died
  • John O. Dunn, elected December 6, 1824

See also

• 1822 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
  • 1822–23 United States Senate elections
  • 1822–23 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1824 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
  • 1824 United States presidential election
  • 1824–25 United States Senate elections
  • 1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections

Notes

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists