IPA consonant chart with audio

Consonant Table of IPA with audio

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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.^[1]

The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants. In the IPA, a pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the English language fall into this category.^[2]

In the audio samples below, the consonants are pronounced with [ä] for demonstration.

Pulmonic consonants

IPA: Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥ ^ⓘ	m ^ⓘ	ɱ̊ ^ⓘ	ɱ ^ⓘ		n̼ ^ⓘ			n̥ ^ⓘ	n ^ⓘ			ɳ̊ ^ⓘ	ɳ ^ⓘ	ɲ̊ ^ⓘ	ɲ ^ⓘ	ŋ̊ ^ⓘ	ŋ ^ⓘ	ɴ̥ ^ⓘ	ɴ ^ⓘ
Plosive	p ^ⓘ	b ^ⓘ	p̪	b̪	t̼ ^ⓘ	d̼ ^ⓘ	t̪ ^ⓘ	d̪ ^ⓘ	t ^ⓘ	d ^ⓘ			ʈ ^ⓘ	ɖ ^ⓘ	c ^ⓘ	ɟ ^ⓘ	k ^ⓘ	ɡ ^ⓘ	q ^ⓘ	ɢ ^ⓘ	ʡ ^ⓘ		ʔ ^ⓘ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪ ^ⓘ	d̪z̪ ^ⓘ	ts ^ⓘ	dz ^ⓘ	t̠ʃ ^ⓘ	d̠ʒ ^ⓘ	tʂ ^ⓘ	dʐ ^ⓘ	tɕ ^ⓘ	dʑ ^ⓘ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ ^ⓘ	bβ ^ⓘ	p̪f ^ⓘ	b̪v ^ⓘ			t̪θ ^ⓘ	d̪ð ^ⓘ	tɹ̝̊ ^ⓘ	dɹ̝ ^ⓘ	t̠ɹ̠̊˔ ^ⓘ	d̠ɹ̠˔ ^ⓘ			cç ^ⓘ	ɟʝ ^ⓘ	kx ^ⓘ	ɡɣ ^ⓘ	qχ ^ⓘ	ɢʁ ^ⓘ	ʡʜ ^ⓘ	ʡʢ ^ⓘ	ʔh ^ⓘ
Sibilant fricative									s ^ⓘ	z ^ⓘ	ʃ ^ⓘ	ʒ ^ⓘ	ʂ ^ⓘ	ʐ ^ⓘ	ɕ ^ⓘ	ʑ ^ⓘ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ ^ⓘ	β ^ⓘ	f ^ⓘ	v ^ⓘ	θ̼ ^ⓘ	ð̼ ^ⓘ	θ ^ⓘ	ð ^ⓘ	θ̠ ^ⓘ	ð̠ ^ⓘ	ɹ̠̊˔ ^ⓘ	ɹ̠˔ ^ⓘ	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç ^ⓘ	ʝ ^ⓘ	x ^ⓘ	ɣ ^ⓘ	χ ^ⓘ	ʁ ^ⓘ	ħ ^ⓘ	ʕ ^ⓘ	h ^ⓘ	ɦ ^ⓘ
Approximant		β̞ ^ⓘ		ʋ ^ⓘ				ð̞ ^ⓘ		ɹ ^ⓘ		ɹ̠ ^ⓘ		ɻ ^ⓘ		j ^ⓘ		ɰ ^ⓘ		ʁ̞ ^ⓘ				ʔ̞ ^ⓘ
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟ ^ⓘ		ⱱ ^ⓘ		ɾ̼ ^ⓘ			ɾ̥ ^ⓘ	ɾ ^ⓘ			ɽ̊	ɽ ^ⓘ						ɢ̆ ^ⓘ		ʡ̆ ^ⓘ
Trill	ʙ̥ ^ⓘ	ʙ ^ⓘ							r̥ ^ⓘ	r ^ⓘ		r̠ ^ⓘ	ɽ̊r̥ ^ⓘ	ɽr ^ⓘ					ʀ̥ ^ⓘ	ʀ ^ⓘ	ʜ ^ⓘ	ʢ ^ⓘ
Lateral affricate									tɬ ^ⓘ	dɮ ^ⓘ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆 ^ⓘ	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄 ^ⓘ	ɡʟ̝ ^ⓘ
Lateral fricative									ɬ ^ⓘ	ɮ ^ⓘ			ꞎ ^ⓘ	𝼅	𝼆 ^ⓘ	ʎ̝	𝼄 ^ⓘ	ʟ̝ ^ⓘ
Lateral approximant								l̪ ^ⓘ		l ^ⓘ		l̠ ^ⓘ		ɭ ^ⓘ		ʎ ^ⓘ		ʟ ^ⓘ		ʟ̠ ^ⓘ
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥ ^ⓘ	ɺ ^ⓘ			𝼈̥ ^ⓘ	𝼈 ^ⓘ		ʎ̆ ^ⓘ		ʟ̆ ^ⓘ

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

IPA: Co-articulated consonants

Plosive	k͡p ^ⓘ	ɡ͡b ^ⓘ	q͡p ^ⓘ
Nasal	ŋ͡m ^ⓘ
Fricative/ approximant	ʍ ^ⓘ	w ^ⓘ	ɥ ^ⓘ
Fricative/ approximant	ɧ ^ⓘ	ɫ ^ⓘ
Implosive	ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ^ⓘ	ɠ͡ɓ ^ⓘ

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Non-pulmonic consonants

The following are the non-pulmonic consonants. They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages). Ejectives occur in about 20% of the world's languages, implosives in roughly 13%, and clicks in very few.^[3]

IPA: Non-pulmonic consonants

Ejective	Stop	pʼ ^ⓘ	tʼ ^ⓘ	ʈʼ ^ⓘ	cʼ ^ⓘ	kʼ ^ⓘ
	Stop	qʼ ^ⓘ	ʡʼ ^ⓘ
	Fricative	fʼ ^ⓘ	θʼ ^ⓘ	sʼ ^ⓘ	ʃʼ ^ⓘ	ʂʼ ^ⓘ
	Fricative	ɕʼ ^ⓘ	xʼ ^ⓘ	χʼ ^ⓘ
	Affricate	tsʼ ^ⓘ	t̠ʃʼ ^ⓘ	ʈʂʼ ^ⓘ	kxʼ ^ⓘ	qχʼ ^ⓘ
	Lateral	ɬʼ ^ⓘ	tɬʼ ^ⓘ	cʎ̝̊ʼ ^ⓘ	kʟ̝̊ʼ ^ⓘ
Click		kʘ ^ⓘ	kǀ ^ⓘ	kǃ ^ⓘ	kǂ ^ⓘ	kǁ ^ⓘ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ ^ⓘ	ɗ ^ⓘ	ᶑ ^ⓘ	ʄ ^ⓘ	ɠ ^ⓘ
	Voiced	ʛ ^ⓘ
	Voiceless	ɓ̥ ^ⓘ	ɗ̥ ^ⓘ	ᶑ̥ ^ⓘ	ʄ̥ ^ⓘ	ɠ̊ ^ⓘ
	Voiceless	ʛ̥ ^ⓘ

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References

^ International Phonetic Association. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert (1998) [1974]. An Introduction to Language (6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-018682-X.
^ Ladefoged, Peter (2001). Vowels and consonants : an introduction to the sounds of languages. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21411-9. OCLC 43434745.

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ		kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

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Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labial–palatal

Labial–velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

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Other	Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Nasal palatal approximant [j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]