Hailu dialect

海陆腔 / 海陸腔
海陆客语 / 海陸客語Native toChina, Taiwan and IndonesiaRegionShanwei, Guangdong; Hsinchu County, Hsinchu City, Taoyuan, Hualien County, and Miaoli County, Taiwan; West Kalimantan, IndonesiaChinese characters
Pha̍k-fa-sṳOfficial status TaiwanRegulated byHakka Affairs CouncilLanguage codesISO 639-3–hak-hai HailuGlottologhail1247  Hailu

The Hailu dialect (simplified Chinese: 海陆腔; traditional Chinese: 海陸腔; pinyin: Hǎilù qiāng; Hailu Hakka Romanization System: hoi´ liug` kiong`), also known as the Hoiluk dialect or Hailu Hakka (simplified Chinese: 海陆客语; traditional Chinese: 海陸客語; pinyin: Hǎilù Kèyǔ), is a dialect of Hakka Chinese that originated in Shanwei, Guangdong.^[1] It is also the second most common dialect of Hakka spoken in Taiwan.^[2][1]

Classification

The first edition of the Language Atlas of China places the Hakka dialects spoken in Haifeng and Lufeng^[3] into the Xin–Hui cluster (新惠小片; Xīn-Huì xiǎopiàn) of the Yue–Tai subgroup (粤台片; 粵臺片; Yuè-Tái piàn) of Hakka.^[4] In the second edition, it is given its own subgroup known as the Hai–Lu subgroup (海陆片; 海陸片; Hǎi-Lù piàn) separate from the Yue–Tai subgroup.^[5]

Chang Song-hing and Zhuang Chusheng propose that it should be grouped as the Hai–Lu cluster (海陆小片; 海陸小片; Hǎi-Lù xiǎopiàn) of the Mei–Shao subgroup (梅韶片; Méi-Sháo piàn).^[6]

Distribution

In China, the Hailu dialect is spoken in Shanwei, Guangdong, particularly in Haifeng, Lufeng, and Luhe.^[1][5] As of 2012, there are around 1.18 million speakers of the dialect in these three areas.^[7]

In Taiwan, it is spoken in Hsinchu County (Xinfeng, Xinpu, Hukou, Qionglin, Hengshan, Guanxi, Beipu, Baoshan, Emei, and Zhudong), Hsinchu City (Xiangshan and Xinfeng), Taoyuan (mostly in Guanyin, Xinwu, and Yangmei; also pockets in Pingzhen, Zhongli, and Longtan), Hualien County (Ji'an, Shoufeng, Guangfu, Yuli, Ruisui, and Fenglin), and Miaoli County (Toufen, Sanwan, Nanzhuang, Xihu, Houlong, Zaoqiao, Tongxiao, and Tongluo).^[8][9] In 2013, 41.5% of Hakka people in Taiwan were reported to be able to communicate in the Hailu dialect.^[2]

In Indonesia, it is widely spoken in northern West Kalimantan, including Singkawang, Sambas, and Pemangkat.^[10]

Phonology

Tones

The Hailu dialect has seven lexical tones:^[11][12]

Tone name		dark level (阴平 / 陰平)	light level (阳平 / 陽平)	rising (上声 / 上聲)	dark departing (阴去 / 陰去)	light departing (阳去 / 陽去)	dark entering (阴入 / 陰入)	light entering (阳入 / 陽入)
Example		夫	扶	府	富	护 / 護	福	服
Tone letter	Hetian, Luhe	˥˧ (53)	˥ (55)	˨˩˧ (213)	˧˩ (31)	˨ (22)	˧˦ (34)	˥˦ (54)
	Hsinchu	˥˧ (53)	˥ (55)	˨˦ (24)	˩ (11)	˧ (33)	˥ (5)	˨ (2)

Notes

References

• Chang, Song-hing; Zhuang, Chusheng (2008). 廣東方言的地理格局與自然地理及歷史地理的關係 [Geographical Distribution of Guangdong Dialects: Their Linkage with Natural and Historical Geography] (PDF). Journal of Chinese Studies (in Chinese) (48): 407–422.
• Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Australian Academy of the Humanities, eds. (1987). 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Longman Group (Far East). ISBN 0-582-99903-0.
• "Distribution and resurgence of the Hakka language". Hakka Affairs Council. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
• Huang, Hui-chen (2008). 印尼山口洋客家話研究 [Study of Hakka in Singkawang, Indonesia] (PDF) (Master's thesis). National Central University. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
• Teng, Shengyu (2015). "Word Formation in Chinese Dialects: A Case Study of Hailu Hakka". Chinese Lexical Semantics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9332. pp. 281–293. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27194-1_29. ISBN 978-3-319-27193-4.
• Wu, Wei; Zhan, Bohui (2012). B2—1 广东省的汉语方言. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 160–165. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
• Xie, Liuwen; Huang, Xuezhen (2012). B1—17 客家话. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 116–124. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
• 101-102年度台灣客家民眾客語使用狀況 (PDF) (in Chinese). Hakka Affairs Council. November 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
• 客家語拼音方案使用手冊 [Usage Manual for the Hakka Romanization System] (PDF) (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). November 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2019.