Taiwanese Hangul

Orthography system for Taiwanese language

Taiwanese Hangul
Chinese characters "臺語諺文" written in Taiwanese Hangul
Script type	Featural alphabet
Creator	Hsu Tsao-te [zh] (first proposed)
Time period	since 1987
Languages	Taiwanese Hokkien
Related scripts
Parent systems	Hangul Taiwanese Hangul
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Written Hokkien
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Romanizations (Lô-má-jī) Pe̍h-ōe-jī Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet Taiwanese Romanization System Bbánlám pìngyīm Daighi tongiong pingim Phofsit Daibuun Modern Literal Taiwanese
Mixed script (Hàn-lô)
Other transcriptions Taiwanese kana Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols Taiwanese hangul
v t e

Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Hsu Tsao-te [zh] in 1987, it uses modified Hangul letters to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin.^[1]^[2] Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.

Letters

Initials

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			ᄆ [m] ㄇ毛 (mo͘ )		ᄂ [n] ㄋ耐 (nāi)				ㄸ [ŋ] ㄫ雅 (ngá)
Stop	Unaspirated	ᄇ [p] ㄅ邊 (pian)	ᄈ [b] ㆠ 文 (bûn)	ᄃ [t] ㄉ地 (tē)				ᄀ [k] ㄍ求 (kiû)	ᄁ [ɡ] ㆣ 語 (gí)
Stop	Aspirated	ᄑ [pʰ] ㄆ波 (pho)		ᄐ [tʰ] ㄊ他 (thaⁿ)				ᄏ [kʰ] ㄎ去 (khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated			ᄌ [ts] ㄗ曾 (tsan/chan)	ᄍ [dz] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)	ᄌ [tɕ] ㄐ尖 (tsiam/chiam)	ᄍ [dʑ] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)
Affricate	Aspirated			ᄎ [tsʰ] ㄘ出 (tshut/chhut)		ᄎ [tɕʰ] ㄑ手 (tshiú/chhiú)
Fricative				ㅅ [s] ㄙ衫 (saⁿ)		ㅅ [ɕ] ㄒ寫 (siá)				ᄒ [h] ㄏ喜 (hí)
Lateral					ᄅ [l] ㄌ柳 (liú)

Vowels

Monophthongs
	Front		Central	Back
	Simple	Nasal	Simple	Simple	Nasal
Close	ᅵ [i] ㄧ衣 (i)	잇 [ĩ] ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ)		ᅮ [u] ㄨ污 (u)	웃 [ũ] ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)
Mid	ᅦ [e] ㆤ 禮 (lé)	엣 [ẽ] ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)	ᅥ [ə] ㄜ高 (ko)	ᅩ [ɔ] ㆦ 烏 (o͘ )	옷 [ɔ̃] ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)
Open	ᅡ [a] ㄚ查 (cha)	앗 [ã] ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)

Diphthongs & Triphthongs
Diphthongs	ᅢ [aɪ] ㄞ (ai)	알 [aʊ] ㄠ (au)	ᅣ [ɪa] ㄧㄚ (ia)	ᅧ [ɪo] ㄧㄜ (io)
Diphthongs	ᅲ [iu] ㄧㄨ (iu)	ᅪ [ua] ㄨㄚ (oa)	ᅰ [ue] ㄨㆤ (oe)	ᅱ [ui] ㄨㄧ (ui)
Triphthongs	얄 [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ (iau)		ᅫ [uai] ㄨㄞ (oai)

Coda endings

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal consonant	ᄆ [m] ㆬ (-m)	ᄂ [n] ㄣ (-n)	ㅇ [ŋ] ㆭ (-ng)
Stop consonant	ᄇ [p̚] ㆴ (-p)	ᄃ [t̚] ㆵ (-t)	ᄀ [k̚] ㆶ (-k)	ᄒ [ʔ] ㆷ (-h)

Tone markings

No.	Hangul	Latin diacritics	Chinese tone name	Examples Hangul/Latin/Hanzi (Listen 🔊) meaning
1	ᄋ	absent	陰平 (yinping) dark level	카_ᄋ/kha/跤 🔊 foot; leg
2	ᄅ	◌́	上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ)/陰上 (yinshang) rising / dark rising	쥐_ㄹ/tsúi/水 🔊 water
3	ᄂ	◌̀	陰去 (yinqu) dark departing	갈_ㄴ/kàu/到 🔊 arrive
4	ᄋ	absent	陰入 (yinru) dark entering	빻_ㅇ/bah/肉 🔊 meat
5	ᄉ	◌̂	陽平 (yangping) light level	옹_ㅅ/ông/王 🔊 king
(6) appears only in Lukang dialect; merged to 7 in the prestige dialect	not devised	◌̆	陽上 (yangshang) light rising	[]/huǎn (Lukang)/犯 violate / commit (a crime)
7	ᄀ	◌̄	陽去 (yangqu) light departing	환_ㄱ/huān (prestige)/犯 🔊 violate / commit (a crime)
8	ᄇ	̍ (overstroke/vertical line above)	陽入 (yangru) light entering	쫳_ㅂ/joa̍h/熱 🔊 hot
Continuous tone sandhi	ㅣ	absent	occurs when a character/syllable is before another one in a phrase. Rule of the prestige dialect: 5→7, 7→3, 3→2, 2→1, 1→7; 4→8, 8→4	대_시끼_ㄹ/Tâi-gí/臺語 🔊 Taiwanese language

Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean

	Taiwanese Hokkien	Korean	Note
ㅃ	/b/, a voiced consonant	/p͈/, a tense consonant
ㄲ	/g/, a voiced consonant	/k͈/, a tense consonant
ㅉ	/ʣ/ or /ʥ/, a voiced consonant	/t͡ɕ͈/, a tense consonant
ㄸ	/ŋ/,	/t͈/	as the syllable onset such as 따
ㅎ	/ʔ/, a glottal stop	/t̚/	as the syllable coda such as 앟
ㅅ	/ⁿ/, vowel nasalization	/t̚/	as the syllable coda such as 앗
ㅆ	/ⁿʔ/, a combination of ㅅ and ㅎ	/s͈/ or /t̚/	as the syllable coda such as 았
ᅥ	/o/ or /ə/	/ʌ/
ᅩ	/ɔ/	/o/
ㅐ	/ai/	/ɛ/
알	/au/	/aɭ/
ㅡ	silent	/ɯ/
ㅢ	읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/	/ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/

Examples

Matthew 6:1

Taiwanese Hangul		Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Chinese characters	關係行善的教訓恁著謹慎，毋通為著欲予儂看，故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行；恁若按呢做，恁就袂當對天父得著報賞。
Chinese-Hangul mixed writing	關係行善에教訓 린뎧謹慎，음탕為뎧뼇호儂看，故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行； 린若안네做，린就뻬당뒤天父得뎧報賞。	Chinese-Latin mixed writing	關係行善ê教訓 Lín tio̍h謹慎，m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看，故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行； Lín若án-ne做，lín就bē-tàng tùi天父得tio̍h報賞。
Hangul	관헤 형센 에 갈훈 린 뎧 긴신，음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃，고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형； 린 나 안네 저，린 쥬 뻬당 뒤 텐후 딛뎧 버슛。	Romanization	Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. Lín nā án-ne chò, lín chiū bē-tàng tùi Thian-hū tit-tio̍h pò-siúⁿ.

References

^ Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society
^ 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編

External links

Taiwanese Hangul

Chinese language

Sinitic languages

Major groups

Mandarin

Northeastern	Changchun Harbin Shenyang Taz
Beijing	Beijing Taiwan
Jilu	Tianjin Jinan
Jiaoliao	Dalian Qingdao Weihai
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Southwestern	Sichuanese Chengdu–Chongqing Minjiang Leshan Renshou–Fushun Zigong Kunming Nanping Wuhan Gui–Liu Wuming
Huai	Nanjing Nantong

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Taizhou Wu	Taizhou Tiantai
Oujiang	Wenzhou Rui'an Wencheng
Wuzhou	Jinhua
Chu–Qu	Quzhou Jiangshan Qingtian
Xuanzhou	Xuancheng

Hokkien	Quanzhou Zhangzhou Amoy Taiwan Philippine Pedan Penang Singapore Malaysian
Teochew	Swatow Hoklo
Zhongshan	Nanlang Sanxiang
Other	Zhenan Longyan

Other

Hakka

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Yuehai	Guangzhou Hong Kong Xiguan Jiujiang Shiqi Weitou Dapeng
Siyi	Taishan Xinhui
Other	Gao–Yang Goulou Wu–Hua Yong–Xun Luo–Guang Qin–Lian

Pinghua

Northern
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Southern
- Yongjiang
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Hui

Ji-She [zh]
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Qi-De [zh]
Yanzhou Dialect [zh]
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Jin

Unclassified

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forms

Phonology

Grammar

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Chengyu
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Input

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Scripts

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Phonetic

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Taiwanese Hangul
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List of varieties of Chinese

Min Chinese

Languages

Eastern Min

Houguan	Fuzhou dialect Fuqing dialect Changle dialect Gutian dialect Matsu dialect
Funing	Xiapu dialect Fu'an dialect Ningde dialect
Others	Manjiang dialect Zhongshan Min Longdu dialect Nanlang dialect

Southern Min

Teochew Min	Swatow dialect
Hokkien	Amoy dialect Quanzhou dialects Hui'an dialect Yongchun dialect Zhangzhou dialects Longyan dialect Taiwanese Banana colloquial speech Northern Malacca Straits Hokkien Penang Hokkien Medan Hokkien Hokkien Kelantan Philippine Hokkien Southern Malacca Straits Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Singaporean Hokkien
Others	Datian Min Houlu dialect Haklau Min Zhenan Min Zhongshan Min Sanxiang dialect

Pu–Xian Min
(Hinghwa)

Zhanjiang dialect

Hainanese

Writing system

Logographic	Chinese characters
Alphabetic	Pe̍h-ōe-jī Pe̍h-ūe-jī Hainan Romanized Foochow Romanized Hinghwa Romanized Kienning Colloquial Romanized Taiwanese Romanization System Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet Daighi tongiong pingim Bbánlám pìngyīm Peng'im Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
Mixed	Hàn-lô