Levoamphetamine

Levoamphetamine

Names
Preferred IUPAC name (2R)-1-Phenylpropan-2-amine[2]
Other names l-Amphetamine, Levamfetamine[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	156-34-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image Interactive image
Beilstein Reference	2432739
ChEBI	CHEBI:42724 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL19393 Y
ChemSpider	30477 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.320
EC Number	205-850-8
Gmelin Reference	1125855
IUPHAR/BPS	2146
PubChem CID	32893
UNII	R87US8P740 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID20166016
InChI InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3/t8-/m1/s1 Y Key: KWTSXDURSIMDCE-MRVPVSSYSA-N Y
SMILES C[C@@H](N)Cc1ccccc1 C[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1
Properties
Chemical formula	C9H13N
Molar mass	135.2062 g mol−1
log P	1.789
Pharmacology
Routes of administration	Oral (as part of Adderall, Evekeo, and generic amphetamine sulfate[3][4])
Legal status	US: Schedule II
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Levoamphetamine^{[note 1]} is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known to increase wakefulness and concentration in association with decreased appetite and fatigue. Pharmaceuticals that contain levoamphetamine are currently indicated and prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and narcolepsy in some countries.

Levoamphetamine is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the amphetamine molecule. While pharmaceutical formulations containing enantiopure levoamphetamine are no longer manufactured, levomethamphetamine (levmetamfetamine) is still marketed and sold over-the-counter as a nasal decongestant.

Chemistry

Levoamphetamine is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the amphetamine molecule. Racemic amphetamine contains two optical isomers, dextroamphetamine, and levoamphetamine.^[6][7]

Formulations

Racemic amphetamine

The first patented amphetamine brand, Benzedrine, was a racemic (i.e., equal parts) mixture of the free bases or the more stable sulfate salts of both amphetamine enantiomers (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine) that was introduced in the United States in 1934 as an inhaler for treating nasal congestion.^[3] It was later realized that the amphetamine enantiomers could treat obesity, narcolepsy, and ADHD.^[3][4] Because of the greater central nervous system effect of the dextrorotatory enantiomer (i.e., dextroamphetamine), sold as Dexedrine, prescription of the Benzedrine brand fell and was eventually discontinued.^[8] However, in 2012, racemic amphetamine sulfate was reintroduced as the Evekeo brandname.^[4][9]

Adderall

Adderall is a 3.1:1 mixture of dextro- to levo- amphetamine base equivalent pharmaceutical that contains equal amounts (by weight) of four salts: dextroamphetamine sulfate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate and amphetamine (D,L)-aspartate monohydrate. This result is a 76% dextroamphetamine to 24% levoamphetamine, or 3⁄4 to 1⁄4 ratio.^[6][7]

Evekeo

Evekeo is an FDA-approved medication that contains racemic amphetamine sulfate (i.e., 50% levoamphetamine sulfate and 50% dextroamphetamine sulfate).^[4] It is approved for the treatment of narcolepsy, ADHD, and exogenous obesity.^[4] The orally disintegrating tablets are approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents aged six to 17 years of age.^[10]

Others

Products using amphetamine base are now marketed. Dyanavel XR, a liquid suspension form became available in 2015, and contains about 24% levoamphetamine.^[11] Adzenys XR, an orally dissolving tablet came to market in 2016 and contains 25% levoamphetamine.^[12][13]

See also

• Levomethamphetamine

Notes

References

External links

• "Amphetamine". MedlinePlus.