| Bangkalan Madurese | |
|---|---|
| Bhâsa Madhurâ Bhângkalan | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | |
| Ethnicity | Madurese |
Native speakers | 1–2 million[a] (2024)[2] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | bang1364 |
 Bangkalan dialect is used as a majority language
Bangkalan dialect is used as a minority language | |
Bangkalan Madurese is a Madurese dialect spoken by Madurese people in Bangkalan Regency and part of Sampang Regency.[3] Apart from that, speakers are also spread outside Madura, especially in areas located close to Bangkalan, such as in Surabaya City and Gresik Regency.[4]
Usage
[edit]In contrast to the Sumenep dialect (East Madurese) which is used as the standard variety for the Madurese language,[5] The most common variation is the Bangkalan dialect, which often serves as a lingua franca between Madurese people from different regions.[2] The Bangkalan dialect of Madurese is classified as a West Madurese language, the same as Pasuruan dialect and Sampang dialect. The differences between West Madurese and East Madurese are usually marked by differences in the use of greeting vocabulary, accent, intonation, and lexical.[6]
Even though the population of Bangkalan Regency, which is the area of origin of speakers of the Bangkalan dialect of Madurese continues to increase, but the number of good quality Madurese speakers in Bangkalan in 2018 is expected to decrease. A good speaker is defined as someone who understands how to use ondhaghan bhâsa ('language levels') in everyday communication.[7] It is estimated that there will be 1–2 million Bangkalan dialect speakers spread across Bangkalan Regency and the surrounding areas, as of 2024.[1]
About four to three decades ago, the number of good quality speakers was around 90% and the remaining 10% were immigrants, So now, after the Suramadu Bridge was built, it is estimated that only 50% of good quality speakers remain. Meanwhile, the other 50% are spread across several groups, with around 30% of the native Bangkalan residents being less able to speak Madurese, namely the younger generation who are accustomed to using Indonesian so they don't know how to speak Madurese, and the other 20% are immigrants. Many immigrants, especially Javanese people, came and settled in Bangkalan and contributed to language changes in Bangkalan.[7]
Phonology
[edit]Among the speakers of the Bangkalan dialect, there are also differences in terms of phonology, for example in the Arosbaya district the word 'I' is called engkok, while in Geger district it is called sengkok. There is an additional phoneme in the words engkok and sengkok, where the added phoneme is the phoneme ⟨s⟩ in the word sengkok in Geger district. In addition, in Arosbaya district the word 'house' is called roma, while in Geger district it is called bungkoh. The words roma and bungkoh are included in dissimilation because the phonemes in the word bungkoh are made into different phonemes in the word roma.[8]
Characteristics
[edit]The Bangkalan dialect has lexical differences that distinguish it from other dialects, for example the use of vocabulary such as log 'no' and kake 'you' which in other dialects are called tak 'no' and bekna 'you'. In terms of intonation, the Bangkalan dialect sounds more 'prominent' because of the use of fast and loud rhythm, and differentiates it from the intonation in the Pamekasan dialect and Sumenep dialect.[9] This dialect also has the characteristic of abbreviating words so that there are many consonant double sounds because there are vowel sounds that are not pronounced, like the word jareya which is pronounced as jreya 'itu'.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The figure of 1 million speakers is taken from the population of Bangkalan Regency in 2024, plus another 1 million speakers spread outside the Madura island.[1]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b "Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2024". www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil. 31 December 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
- ^ a b "Madurese". www.ethnologue.com. Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ a b Zainudin, Sodaqoh (1978). Bahasa Madura (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- ^ Sofiana, Sulvi (24 February 2020). Parmin (ed.). "Bahasa Madura Jadi Bahasa Percakapan Sehari-hari Warga Kampung Kapasan Simokerto Surabaya". surabaya.tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Tribun News. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
- ^ "Bahasa Madura Dan Peran Tim Nabara Kabupaten Sumenep". sumenepkab.go.id (in Indonesian). Sumenep Regency Government. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
- ^ Savitri, Agusniar Dian; Indrawati, Dianita; Suhartono (2018). Stratigrafi Bahasa dan Dialek di Daerah Tapal Kuda: Upaya Lokalisasi Bahasa dan Budaya Guna Penentuan Muatan Lokal di Jawa Timur (PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Program Studi Sastra Indonesia. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya. pp. 1–77 – via Repository UNESA.
- ^ a b "Bahasa dan Sastra Madura Tradisional di Bangkalan". www.lontarmadura.com (in Indonesian). Lontar Madura. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
- ^ Dewi, Fitria; Widayati, Wahyu; Sucipto (2017). "Kajian Dialektologi Bahasa Madura Dialek Bangkalan". Fonema: Jurnal Ilmiah (in Indonesian). 4 (2). Surabaya: Universitas Dr. Soetomo: 60–77. ISSN 2597-9795.
- ^ Sutoko (1998). Geografi Dialek Bahasa Madura (PDF). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.