Pottage
A potage soup, in this case prepared with potato and truffle | |
Type | Soup, stew, or porridge |
---|---|
Main ingredients | Vegetables, grains, meat or fish |
Pottage or potage (/pɒˈ-, pəˈ-/, French: [potaʒ] ⓘ; from Old French pottage 'food cooked in a pot') is a term for a thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish.[a] It was a staple food for many centuries.[1][2] The word pottage comes from the same Old French root as potage, which is a dish of more recent origin.
Pottage ordinarily consisted of various ingredients easily available to peasants. It could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it could be eaten, and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was constantly changing. Pottage consistently remained a staple of poor people's diet throughout most of 9th to 17th-century Europe. When wealthier people ate pottage, they would add more expensive ingredients such as meats. The pottage that these people ate was much like modern-day soups.[3]
Preparation
Pottage was typically boiled for several hours until the entire mixture took on a homogeneous texture and flavour; this was intended to break down complex starches and to ensure the food was safe for consumption. It was often served, when possible, with bread.
Biblical references
In the King James Bible translation of the story of Jacob and Esau in the Book of Genesis, Esau, being famished, sold his birthright (the rights of the eldest son) to his twin brother Jacob in exchange for a meal of "bread and pottage of lentils" (Gen 25:29-34). This incident is the origin of the phrase a "mess of pottage" (which is not in any Biblical text) to mean a bad bargain involving short-term gain and long-term loss.
In the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition translation of the Bible, the prophet Elisha purifies a pot of poisoned pottage that was set before the sons of the prophets (2 Kings 4:38-41).
England
Pottage was a staple of the medieval English diet. During the Middle Ages it was usually made with wheat, barley, or oats. In Middle English, thick pottages (stondyng) made with cereals, kidneys, shredded meat, sometimes thickened with egg yolks and bread crumbs were called by various names like brewet, egerdouce, mortrew, mawmenee, blancmange and blance dessore. Thinner pottages were said to be ronnyng.[4] Frumenty was a pottage made with freshly-cleaned wheat grain that was boiled until it burst, allowed to cool, then boiled with broth and either cow milk or almond milk, and thickened with egg yolk and flavored with sugar and spices.[5]
The earliest known cookery manuscript in the English language, The Forme of Cury, written by the court chefs of King Richard II[6] contains several pottage recipes including one made from cabbage, ham, onions and leeks.[7] A slightly later manuscript from the 1430s is called Potage Dyvers ("Various Pottages").[8] During the Tudor period, a good many English peasants' diets consisted almost solely of pottage and self-cultivated vegetables, such as carrots. An early 17th-century British recipe for pottage was made by boiling mutton and oatmeal with violet leaves, endive, chicory, strawberry leaves, spinach, langdebeefe, marigold flowers, scallions and parsley.[4]
France
Pottage has its origins in the medieval cuisine of northern France and increased in popularity from the High Middle Ages onward. A course in a medieval feast often began with one or two pottages, which would be followed by roasted meats.
Colonial America
Native American cuisine also had a similar dish, but it was made with maize rather than the traditional European grain varieties. Indian succotash, sometimes called pondomenast or Indian pottage was made with boiled corn and, when available, meat like venison, bear, moose, otter, raccoon or beaver. Dried fish like shad, eel, or herring could be used in place of the meat. Kidney beans were sometimes mixed into Indian pottage, along with vegetables like Jerusalem artichoke, pumpkin, squash. Ground nuts like acorns, chestnuts or walnuts were used to thicken the pottage.[9]
In the cuisine of New England, pottage began as boiled grain, vegetables, seasonings and meat, fowl or fish. This simple staple of early American cuisine eventually evolved into the chowders and baked beans typical of New England's cuisine.[10] A version of "scotch barley broth" is attested to in the 18th century colonial recipe collection called Mrs Gardiner's Family Receipts.[11] Pottages were probably served at the First Thanksgiving.[12]
Spanish cuisine
According to Spanish cuisine religious customs, if a festa doble (a "double feast" in the church) fell on a meat day two consecutive potatge courses were served, one of which would be a cheese-topped rice or noodle dish, the other a meat stew (Catalan: guisat) cooked in "salsa" made from wine, vinegar, parsley, spleen, liver, saffron, egg yolks and assorted spices. Two potaje courses were also served for fish days, first high-quality spinach from the monastery gardens topped with peppers, or cabbage or lettuce (if spinach could not be found), followed by either a bowl of semolina or noodles or rice cooked in almond milk, or a grain bowl of semolina groats seasoned with cinnamon.[13]
Nigeria
In Nigeria the Yam Pottage is a known delicacy eaten with vegetables and fish or meat.[14]
Wales
This is similar to the Welsh cawl, which is a broth, soup or stew often cooked on and off for days at a time over the fire in a traditional inglenook.
See also
- Brown Windsor soup
- Casserole
- Cawl
- Frumenty
- Lancashire hotpot
- Lentil soup
- List of soups
- List of stews
- Medieval cuisine
- Pease pudding
- Potted meat
- Sop
- Food portal
Notes
- ^ The Oxford Companion to Food, p. 648
- ^ Goodman 2016, p. 142.
- ^ "The history of 'plumb porridge' at Christmas | Christmas". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
- ^ a b Stavely & Fitzgerald 2011, p. 114-115.
- ^ Smith 1873, p. 177.
- ^ "The Forme of cury - Pygg in sawse sawge". www.bl.uk. The British Library. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ Smith, H. (1900s). The Master Book of Soups Featuring 1001 Titles and Recipes. London: Spring Books. p. 170. Google Books and Internet Archive.
- ^ "Potage Dyvers - Contents". www.bl.uk. The British Library. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ Stavely & Fitzgerald 2011, p. 117.
- ^ Stavely & Fitzgerald 2011, p. 113.
- ^ Stavely & Fitzgerald 2011, p. 116.
- ^ Muse Magazine[full citation needed]
- ^ Pedralbes. Universidad de Barcelona.
- ^ Kperogi, Farooq (2014-01-26). "Q and A on the grammar of food, usage and Nigerian English". Daily Trust. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Informational notes
- ^ "potage" Trésor de la langue française informatisé; "potage". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021.; "pottage". Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021.
References
- Stavely, Keith W. F.; Fitzgerald, Kathleen (2011). Northern Hospitality: Cooking by the Book in New England. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-861-7.
- Smith, Edward (1873). Foods. D. Appleton.
- Goodman, Ruth (2016). How To Be A Tudor: A Dawn-to-Dusk Guide to Everyday Life. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780241973714.
External links
- Potage à la Reine, a Dutch variation of potage
- How to Make Potage With Cooked Rice
- Paris' real passion is in the potage
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