Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

HCAR3

Identifiers

Aliases

HCAR3, GPR109B, HCA3, HM74, PUMAG, Puma-g, Niacin receptor 2, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3

External IDs

OMIM: 606039 HomoloGene: 130547 GeneCards: HCAR3

Gene location (Human)

Chr.	Chromosome 12 (human)^[1]

Band	12q24.31	Start	122,714,756 bp^[1]
Band	12q24.31	End	122,716,811 bp^[1]

RNA expression pattern

Bgee

Human

Mouse (ortholog)

Top expressed in

blood

spleen

monocyte

bone marrow

skin of abdomen

appendix

bone marrow cells

placenta

upper lobe of left lung

subcutaneous adipose tissue

n/a

More reference expression data

BioGPS

n/a

Gene ontology
Molecular function	G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity
Cellular component	integral component of membrane cell junction plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane membrane
Biological process	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

Entrez


8843


n/a

Ensembl


ENSG00000255398


n/a

UniProt


P49019


n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_006018


n/a

RefSeq (protein)


NP_006009


n/a

Location (UCSC)

Chr 12: 122.71 – 122.72 Mb

n/a

PubMed search

^[2]

n/a

Wikidata

View/Edit Human

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 (HCA₃), also known as niacin receptor 2 (NIACR2) and GPR109B,^[3] is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HCAR3 gene.^[4]^[5] HCA₃, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA₁ and HCA₂, is a G_i/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).^[3]^[6] The primary endogenous agonists of HCA₃ are 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and kynurenic acid.^[3]^[6]^[7] HCA₃ is also a low-affinity biomolecular target for niacin (aka nicotinic acid).^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000255398 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b ^c Offermanns S, Colletti SL, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, IJzerman AP (June 2011). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B)". Pharmacological Reviews. 63 (2): 269–90. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003301. PMID 21454438.
^ "Entrez Gene: GPR109B G protein-coupled receptor 109B".
^ Nomura H, Nielsen BW, Matsushima K (October 1993). "Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a LD78 receptor and putative leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptors". International Immunology. 5 (10): 1239–49. doi:10.1093/intimm/5.10.1239. PMID 7505609.
^ ^a ^b S Offermanns, SL Colletti, AP IJzerman, TW Lovenberg, G Semple, A Wise, MG Waters. "Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 13 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Kapolka, NJ; Taghon, GJ; Rowe, JB; Morgan, WM; Enten, JF; Lambert, NA; Isom, DG (9 June 2020). "DCyFIR: a high-throughput CRISPR platform for multiplexed G protein-coupled receptor profiling and ligand discovery". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (23): 13117–13126. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713117K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2000430117. PMC 7293659. PMID 32434907.
^ Peters, A; Krumbholz, P; Jäger, E; Heintz-Buschart, A; Çakir, MV; Rothemund, S; Gaudl, A; Ceglarek, U; Schöneberg, T; Stäubert, C (May 2019). "Metabolites of lactic acid bacteria present in fermented foods are highly potent agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3". PLOS Genetics. 15 (5): e1008145. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008145. PMC 6532841. PMID 31120900.

External links

"Nicotinic Acid Receptor Family: GPR109B". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-12-09.

Nomura H, Nielsen BW, Matsushima K (October 1993). "Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a LD78 receptor and putative leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptors". International Immunology. 5 (10): 1239–49. doi:10.1093/intimm/5.10.1239. PMID 7505609.
Zingoni A, Rocchi M, Storlazzi CT, Bernardini G, Santoni A, Napolitano M (June 1997). "Isolation and chromosomal localization of GPR31, a human gene encoding a putative G protein-coupled receptor". Genomics. 42 (3): 519–23. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4754. hdl:11573/245592. PMID 9205127.
Irobi J, Nelis E, Verhoeven K, De Vriendt E, Dierick I, De Jonghe P, Van Broeckhoven C, Timmerman V (June 2002). "Mutation analysis of 12 candidate genes for distal hereditary motor neuropathy type II (distal HMN II) linked to 12q24.3". Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 7 (2): 87–95. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02014.x. PMID 12090300. S2CID 8453412.
Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB (March 2003). "Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (11): 9869–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210695200. PMID 12522134.
Tunaru S, Kero J, Schaub A, Wufka C, Blaukat A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S (March 2003). "PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect". Nature Medicine. 9 (3): 352–5. doi:10.1038/nm824. PMID 12563315. S2CID 20451806.
Soga T, Kamohara M, Takasaki J, Matsumoto S, Saito T, Ohishi T, Hiyama H, Matsuo A, Matsushime H, Furuichi K (March 2003). "Molecular identification of nicotinic acid receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 303 (1): 364–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00342-5. PMID 12646212.
Toulza E, Mattiuzzo NR, Galliano MF, Jonca N, Dossat C, Jacob D, de Daruvar A, Wincker P, Serre G, Guerrin M (2007). "Large-scale identification of human genes implicated in epidermal barrier function". Genome Biology. 8 (6): R107. doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-r107. PMC 2394760. PMID 17562024.

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin-like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3
Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)
Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)
Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane
Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide

B/W (1
2)
FF (1
2)
S
Y (1
2
4
5)
Neuromedin (B
U (1
2))
Neurotensin (1
2)

Other

Anaphylatoxin (C3a
C5a (1
2))
Angiotensin (1
2)
Apelin
Bombesin
- BRS3
- GRPR
- NMBR)
- Bradykinin (B1
- B2)
Chemokine
Cholecystokinin (A
B)
Endothelin
- A
- B
Formyl peptide (1
2
3)
FSH
Galanin (1
2
3)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Ghrelin
Kisspeptin
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
MAS (1
1L
D
E
F
G
X1
X2
X3
X4)
Melanocortin (1
2
3
4
5)
MCHR (1
2)
Motilin
Opioid (Delta
Kappa
Mu
Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)
Orexin (1
2)
Oxytocin
Prokineticin (1
2)
Prolactin-releasing peptide
Relaxin (1
2
3
4)
Somatostatin (1
2
3
4
5)
Tachykinin (1
2
3)
Thyrotropin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Urotensin-II
Vasopressin (1A
1B
2)

Miscellaneous

Taste, bitter	TAS2R 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor type 1
Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)
Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin-like

Adhesion	ADGRB Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 2 3 ADGRC Cadherin 1 2 3 ADGRE EMR 1 2 3 CD97 ADGRG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ADGRL Latrophilin 1 2 3 ELTD1
Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)
Other	Calcitonin CALCRL Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste, sweet	TAS1R 1 2 3 Vomeronasal receptor, type 2
Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA_B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)