TAAR6

Protein and coding gene in humans

TAAR6

Identifiers

Aliases

TAAR6, TA4, TAR4, TAR6, TRAR4, taR-4, taR-6, trace amine associated receptor 6

External IDs

OMIM: 608923 MGI: 2685074 HomoloGene: 27874 GeneCards: TAAR6

Gene location (Human)

Chr.	Chromosome 6 (human)^[1]

Band	6q23.2	Start	132,570,322 bp^[1]
Band	6q23.2	End	132,571,359 bp^[1]

Gene location (Mouse)

Chr.	Chromosome 10 (mouse)^[2]

Band	10\|10 A4	Start	23,860,507 bp^[2]
Band	10\|10 A4	End	23,861,544 bp^[2]

RNA expression pattern

Bgee

Human

Mouse (ortholog)

Top expressed in

ganglionic eminence

renal cortex

kidney

blood

temporal lobe

amygdala

adrenal gland

Top expressed in

nasal septum

More reference expression data

BioGPS


More reference expression data

Gene ontology
Molecular function	trace-amine receptor activity G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity
Cellular component	plasma membrane membrane integral component of membrane
Biological process	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

Entrez


319100


215855

Ensembl


ENSG00000146383


ENSMUSG00000045111

UniProt


Q96RI8


Q5QD13

RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_175067


NM_001010828

RefSeq (protein)


NP_778237


NP_001010828

Location (UCSC)

Chr 6: 132.57 – 132.57 Mb

Chr 10: 23.86 – 23.86 Mb

PubMed search

^[3]

^[4]

Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

Trace amine associated receptor 6, also known as TAAR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TAAR6 gene.^[5]^[6]

Function

TAAR6 belongs to the trace amine-associated receptor family. Trace amines are endogenous amine compounds that are chemically similar to classic biogenic amines like dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine. Trace amines were thought to be 'false transmitters' that displace classic biogenic amines from their storage and act on transporters in a fashion similar to the amphetamines, but the identification of brain receptors specific to trace amines indicates that they also have effects of their own.^[7]^[8] RNA expression analysis shows hTAAR6 is expressed in the hippocampus, where murine TAAR receptors have been shown to be involved with neurogenesis.^[9]

Computational modeling suggests TAAR6 can bind to the foul smelling compounds produced by rotting flesh, putrescine and cadaverine.^[10]

TAAR6 mutant mice have differences in behavior compared with wild-type mice.^[11] Also, they have elevated brain serotonin levels in several brain regions and enhanced hypothermic response to 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146383 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045111 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, et al. (July 2001). "Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (16): 8966–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.151105198. PMC 55357. PMID 11459929.
^ Lindemann L, Ebeling M, Kratochwil NA, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Hoener MC (March 2005). "Trace amine-associated receptors form structurally and functionally distinct subfamilies of novel G protein-coupled receptors". Genomics. 85 (3): 372–85. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.11.010. PMID 15718104.
^ Duan J, Martinez M, Sanders AR, Hou C, Saitou N, Kitano T, et al. (October 2004). "Polymorphisms in the trace amine receptor 4 (TRAR4) gene on chromosome 6q23.2 are associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (4): 624–38. doi:10.1086/424887. PMC 1182049. PMID 15329799.
^ "Entrez Gene: TAAR6 trace amine associated receptor 6".
^ Katolikova NV, Vaganova AN, Efimova EV, Gainetdinov RR (June 2022). "Expression of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors in the Murine and Human Hippocampus Based on Public Transcriptomic Data". Cells. 11 (11): 1813. doi:10.3390/cells11111813. PMC 9180029. PMID 35681508.
^ Izquierdo C, Gómez-Tamayo JC, Nebel JC, Pardo L, Gonzalez A (January 2018). "Identifying human diamine sensors for death related putrescine and cadaverine molecules". PLOS Computational Biology. 14 (1): e1005945. Bibcode:2018PLSCB..14E5945I. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005945. PMC 5783396. PMID 29324768.
^ Kuvarzin S, Leonova E, Efimova E, Gainetdinov R (December 2019). "Identifying the function of trace amine-associated receptor 6 and its role in behavior, physiology and brain neurochemistry". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 29. Elsevier: S93. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.164. S2CID 209352329.
^ Kuvarzin S, Efimova E, Gainetdinov R (December 2021). "TAAR6 mutant mice have changes in the brain serotonin levels and enhanced hypothermic response to serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 53. Elsevier: S212–S213. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.279. S2CID 245564698.

Cao Q, Martinez M, Zhang J, Sanders AR, Badner JA, Cravchik A, et al. (July 1997). "Suggestive evidence for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q and a confirmation in an independent series of pedigrees". Genomics. 43 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4815. PMID 9226366.
Kaufmann CA, Suarez B, Malaspina D, Pepple J, Svrakic D, Markel PD, et al. (July 1998). "NIMH Genetics Initiative Millennium Schizophrenia Consortium: linkage analysis of African-American pedigrees". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 81 (4): 282–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980710)81:4<282::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 9674972.
Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, et al. (July 2001). "Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (16): 8966–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.151105198. PMC 55357. PMID 11459929.
Duan J, Martinez M, Sanders AR, Hou C, Saitou N, Kitano T, et al. (October 2004). "Polymorphisms in the trace amine receptor 4 (TRAR4) gene on chromosome 6q23.2 are associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (4): 624–38. doi:10.1086/424887. PMC 1182049. PMID 15329799.
Lindemann L, Ebeling M, Kratochwil NA, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Hoener MC (March 2005). "Trace amine-associated receptors form structurally and functionally distinct subfamilies of novel G protein-coupled receptors". Genomics. 85 (3): 372–85. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.11.010. PMID 15718104.
Amann D, Avidan N, Kanyas K, Kohn Y, Hamdan A, Ben-Asher E, et al. (February 2006). "The trace amine receptor 4 gene is not associated with schizophrenia in a sample linked to chromosome 6q23". Molecular Psychiatry. 11 (2): 119–21. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001752. PMID 16189505. S2CID 43731573.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

Human trace amine-associated receptor ligands

TAAR1

Agonists

Endogenous^†	Classical monoamine neurotransmitters Dopamine Histamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Trace amines 3-Iodothyronamine 3-Methoxytyramine N-Methylphenethylamine N-Methyltyramine m-Octopamine p-Octopamine Phenethylamine Phenylethanolamine Synephrine Tryptamine m-Tyramine p-Tyramine
Synthetic^‡	Amphetamine DOB DOET 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Isoprenaline MDA (tenamfetamine) MDMA (midomafetamine) 2-Methylphenethylamine 3-Methylphenethylamine 4-Methylphenethylamine β-Methylphenethylamine Methamphetamine 3-MMA Norfenfluramine Phentermine o-PIT Propylhexedrine Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450) RO5166017 N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Ulotaront (SEP-363856)

Neutral antagonists

Inverse agonists

EPPTB (RO5212773)

TAAR2

Agonists^‡
Neutral antagonists

TAAR5

Agonists^‡	N,N-Dimethylethylamine Trimethylamine
Neutral antagonists
Inverse agonists^‡	3-Iodothyronamine

^† References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at List of trace amines

^‡ References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at TAAR1 or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see TAAR for references.

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin-like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3
Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)
Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)
Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane
Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide

B/W (1
2)
FF (1
2)
S
Y (1
2
4
5)
Neuromedin (B
U (1
2))
Neurotensin (1
2)

Other

Anaphylatoxin (C3a
C5a (1
2))
Angiotensin (1
2)
Apelin
Bombesin
- BRS3
- GRPR
- NMBR)
- Bradykinin (B1
- B2)
Chemokine
Cholecystokinin (A
B)
Endothelin
- A
- B
Formyl peptide (1
2
3)
FSH
Galanin (1
2
3)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Ghrelin
Kisspeptin
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
MAS (1
1L
D
E
F
G
X1
X2
X3
X4)
Melanocortin (1
2
3
4
5)
MCHR (1
2)
Motilin
Opioid (Delta
Kappa
Mu
Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)
Orexin (1
2)
Oxytocin
Prokineticin (1
2)
Prolactin-releasing peptide
Relaxin (1
2
3
4)
Somatostatin (1
2
3
4
5)
Tachykinin (1
2
3)
Thyrotropin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Urotensin-II
Vasopressin (1A
1B
2)

Miscellaneous

Taste, bitter	TAS2R 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor type 1
Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)
Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin-like

Adhesion	ADGRB Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 2 3 ADGRC Cadherin 1 2 3 ADGRE EMR 1 2 3 CD97 ADGRG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ADGRL Latrophilin 1 2 3 ELTD1
Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)
Other	Calcitonin CALCRL Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste, sweet	TAS1R 1 2 3 Vomeronasal receptor, type 2
Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA_B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)